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Respiratory Failure: Multimedia
Updated: May 20, 2009
Multimedia
 | Media file 1: Bilateral airspace infiltrates on chest radiograph film secondary to acute respiratory distress syndrome that resulted in respiratory failure. |
 | Media file 2: Extensive left-lung pneumonia caused respiratory failure; the mechanism of hypoxia is intrapulmonary shunting. |
 | Media file 3: A 44-year-old woman developed acute respiratory failure and diffuse bilateral infiltrates. She met the clinical criteria for the diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome. In this case, the likely cause was urosepsis. |
 | Media file 4: A clear chest radiograph suggests either a CNS cause of respiratory failure or airway disease (asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). |
 | Media file 5: This patient developed acute respiratory failure that turned out to be the initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus. The lung pathology evidence of diffuse alveolar damage is the characteristic lesion of acute lupus pneumonitis. |
 | Media file 6: A Bilevel positive airway pressure support machine is shown here. This could be used in spontaneous mode or timed mode (backup rate could be set). |
 | Media file 7: Headgear and full face mask commonly are used as the interface for noninvasive ventilatory support. |
 | Media file 8: Bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) and inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) settings are shown. IPAP or expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) and frequency can be preset. |
 | Media file 9: Noninvasive ventilation with bilevel positive airway pressure for acute respiratory failure secondary to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. |
 | Media file 10: Wave forms of a volume-targeted ventilator: Pressure, flow, and volume waveforms are shown with square-wave flow pattern. A is baseline, B is increase in tidal volume, C is reduced lung compliance, and D is increase in flow rate. All 3 settings lead to increase in peak airway pressures. Adapted from Spearman CB et al. |
 | Media file 11: The cause of respiratory failure may be suggested by spirometry. |
 | Media file 12: A 65-year-old man developed chronic respiratory failure secondary to usual interstitial pneumonitis. Loss of normal architecture is seen upon biopsy. Also seen are varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis. |
 | Media file 13: Lung biopsy from a 32-year-old woman who developed fever, diffuse infiltrates seen on chest radiograph, and acute respiratory failure. The lung biopsy shows acute eosinophilic pneumonitis; bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage also may have helped reveal the diagnosis. |
 | Media file 14: Lung biopsy on this patient with acute respiratory failure and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates helped yield the diagnosis of pulmonary edema. Therefore, cardiogenic pulmonary edema should be excluded as the cause of respiratory failure prior to considering lung biopsy. |
 | Media file 15: Pressure-volume curve of a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) on mechanical ventilation can be constructed. The lower and the upper ends of the curve are flat, and the central portion is straight (where the lungs are most compliant). For optimal mechanical ventilation, patients with ARDS should be kept between the inflection and the deflection point. |
 | Media file 16: Surgical lung biopsy was performed in the patient described in Image 3. The histology shows features of diffuse alveolar damage, including epithelial injury, hyperplastic type II pneumocytes, and hyaline membranes. |
More on Respiratory Failure |
| Overview: Respiratory Failure |
| Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Respiratory Failure |
| Treatment & Medication: Respiratory Failure |
| Follow-up: Respiratory Failure |
 Multimedia: Respiratory Failure |
| References |
| « Previous Page |
References
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Further Reading
Keywords
respiratory failure, hypoxemic respiratory failure, chronic respiratory failure, hypercapnic respiratory failure, type I respiratory failure, type II respiratory failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respiratory system failure, respiratory system, system failure, PaO2 value, oxygenation, carbon dioxide elimination, hypoxemic, hypercapnic
