Cholecystitis: Multimedia

References

1. Cullen JJ, Maes EB, Aggrawal S, et al. Effect of endotoxin on opossum gallbladder motility: a model of acalculous cholecystitis. Ann Surg. Aug 2000;232(2):202-7. [Medline].

2. Singer AJ, McCracken G, Henry MC, et al. Correlation among clinical, laboratory, and hepatobiliary scanning findings in patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. Ann Emerg Med. Sep 1996;28(3):267-72. [Medline].

3. Towfigh S, McFadden DW, Cortina GR, et al. Porcelain gallbladder is not associated with gallbladder carcinoma. Am Surg. Jan 2001;67(1):7-10. [Medline].

4. Sahai AV, Mauldin PD, Marsi V, et al. Bile duct stones and laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a decision analysis to assess the roles of intraoperative cholangiography, EUS, and ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc. Mar 1999;49(3 Pt 1):334-43. [Medline].

5. Lee SS, Park do H, Hwang CY, et al. EUS-guided transmural cholecystostomy as rescue management for acute cholecystitis in elderly or high-risk patients: a prospective feasibility study. Gastrointest Endosc. Nov 2007;66(5):1008-12. [Medline].

6. Siddiqui T, MacDonald A, Chong PS, et al. Early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Surg. Jan 2008;195(1):40-7. [Medline].

7. Bingener J, Schwesinger WH, Chopra S, et al. Does the correlation of acute cholecystitis on ultrasound and at surgery reflect a mirror image?. Am J Surg. Dec 2004;188(6):703-7.

8. Chiu HH, Chen CM, Mo LR. Emphysematous cholecystitis. Am J Surg. Sep 2004;188(3):325-6. [Medline].

9. Cox MR, Wilson TG, Luck AJ, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute inflammation of the gallbladder. Ann Surg. Nov 1993;218(5):630-4. [Medline].

10. Donovan JM. Physical and metabolic factors in gallstone pathogenesis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. Mar 1999;28(1):75-97. [Medline].

11. Forbes LE, Bajaj M, McGinn T, et al. Perihepatic abscess formation in diabetes: a complication of silent gallstones. Am J Gastroenterol. Apr 1996;91(4):786-8. [Medline].

12. Greenwald JA, McMullen HF, Coppa GF, et al. Standardization of surgeon-controlled variables: impact on outcome in patients with acute cholecystitis. Ann Surg. Mar 2000;231(3):339-44. [Medline].

13. Gruber PJ, Silverman RA, Gottesfeld S, et al. Presence of fever and leukocytosis in acute cholecystitis. Ann Emerg Med. Sep 1996;28(3):273-7. [Medline].

14. Jang T, Aubin C, Naunheim R. Minimum training for right upper quadrant ultrasonography. Am J Emerg Med. Oct 2004;22(6):439-43. [Medline].

15. Liolios A, Oropello JM, Benjamin E. Gastrointestinal complications in the intensive care unit. Clin Chest Med. Jun 1999;20(2):329-45, viii. [Medline].

16. Lo CM, Liu CL, Fan ST, et al. Prospective randomized study of early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Ann Surg. Apr 1998;227(4):461-7. [Medline].

17. McEvoy CF, Suchy FJ. Biliary tract disease in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. Feb 1996;43(1):75-98. [Medline].

18. Moscati RM. Cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and pancreatitis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. Nov 1996;14(4):719-37. [Medline].

19. Roe J. Evidence-based emergency medicine. Clinical assessment of acute cholecystitis in adults. Ann Emerg Med. Jul 2006;48(1):101-3. [Medline].

20. Rosen CL, Brown DF, Chang Y, et al. Ultrasonography by emergency physicians in patients with suspected cholecystitis. Am J Emerg Med. Jan 2001;19(1):32-6. [Medline].

21. Rubens DJ. Hepatobiliary imaging and its pitfalls. Radiol Clin North Am. Mar 2004;42(2):257-78. [Medline].

22. Shah K, Wolfe RE. Hepatobiliary ultrasound. Emerg Med Clin North Am. Aug 2004;22(3):661-73, viii. [Medline].

23. Silberfein EJ, Zhou W, Kougias P, et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients: experience of a surgeon-initiated interventional program. Am J Surg. Nov 2007;194(5):672-7. [Medline].

24. Sitzmann JV, Pitt HA, Steinborn PA, et al. Cholecystokinin prevents parenteral nutrition induced biliary sludge in humans. Surg Gynecol Obstet. Jan 1990;170(1):25-31. [Medline].

25. Yates MR 3rd, Baron TH. Biliary tract disease in pregnancy. Clin Liver Dis. 1999;3:131-147.

Further Reading

Keywords

cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, gallstones, gallbladder stones, gallbladder inflammation, cystic duct obstruction, cystic duct stones, acute cholecystitis, chronic cholecystitis, emphysematous cholecystitis, acalculous cholecystitis, calculous cholecystitis, stones in the cystic duct, obstruction of the cystic duct, biliary pain, acalculous biliary colic, calculous biliary colic, biliary stasis, cholecystectomy, sepsis, long-term total parenteral nutrition, long-term TPN, prolonged fasting, sickle cell disease, Salmonella infections, diabetes mellitus, cytomegalovirus, cryptosporidiosis, microsporidiosis infections, obesity, jaundice, major surgery, severe trauma, severe burns, myocardial infarction

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Don Gladden, DO, Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Seton Medical Center
Don Gladden, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Alexandre F Migala, DO, Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Denton Regional Medical Center
Alexandre F Migala, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Osteopathic Association, Association of Military Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons, and Texas Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Clinton S Beverly, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Mercer University School of Medicine
Clinton S Beverly, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons and Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeffery Wolff, DO, Consulting Staff, Department of Gastroenterology, Brooke Army Medical Center
Jeffery Wolff, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, and American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Anil Minocha, MD, FACP, FACG, Clinical Professor, School of Pharmacy, Professor of Medicine, Director of Digestive Diseases, Medical Director of Nutrition Support, Medical Director of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Internal Medicine Department, University of Mississippi Medical Center
Anil Minocha, MD, FACP, FACG is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Forensic Examiners, American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Gastroenterological Association, and American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

James L Achord, MD, Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Mississippi School of Medicine
James L Achord, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association, American Medical Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Mississippi State Medical Association, New York Academy of Sciences, Sigma Xi, and Southern Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Alex J Mechaber, MD, FACP, Assistant Dean for Medical Curriculum, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Alex J Mechaber, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, and Society of General Internal Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Julian Katz, MD, Clinical Professor of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital of the Medical College of Pennsylvania
Julian Katz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association, American Geriatrics Society, American Medical Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, American Society of Law Medicine and Ethics, American Trauma Society, Association of American Medical Colleges, and Physicians for Social Responsibility
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.