Cholecystitis Medication

Alan A Bloom, MD  Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Attending Physician, Department of Gastroenterology, Veterans Affairs Hospital, Bronx

Alan A Bloom, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association, American Medical Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, New York Academy of Medicine, and New York Academy of Sciences

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Zahir Amin, MD, MBBS, MRCP, FRCR  Consulting Staff, Department of Imaging, University College Hospital, UK

Zahir Amin, MD, MBBS, MRCP, FRCR is a member of the following medical societies: British Institute of Radiology, British Medical Association, and Royal College of Radiologists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

BS Anand, MD  Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine

BS Anand, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, and American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Clinton S Beverly, MD  Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Mercer University School of Medicine

Clinton S Beverly, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons and Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Burt Cagir, MD, FACS  Assistant Professor of Surgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University; Consulting Staff, Director of Surgical Research, Robert Packer Hospital; Associate Program Director, Department of Surgery, Guthrie Clinic

Burt Cagir, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, and Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hemalatha Chandramohan, MBBS  Registrar, General Practice, West Yorkshire, UK

Hemalatha Chandramohan, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jack A Di Palma, MD  Director, Division of Gastroenterology, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine

Jack A Di Palma, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology and American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Arnold C Friedman, MD, FACR  Professor, Department of Radiology, University of Florida Health Science Center; Chief, Department of Radiology, Shands-Jacksonville Hospital

Arnold C Friedman, MD, FACR is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, American Roentgen Ray Society, Association of University Radiologists, and Radiological Society of North America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Spencer B Gay, MD  Professor of Radiology, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Don Gladden, DO  Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Seton Medical Center Williamson

Don Gladden, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael A Grosso, MD  Consulting Staff, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St Francis Hospital

Michael A Grosso, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society of University Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John L Haddad, MD  Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Director of Body MRI, Department of Radiology, Methodist Hospital in Houston

John L Haddad, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, American Medical Association, and Radiological Society of North America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John D Halamka, MD, MS  Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Chief Information Officer, CareGroup Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Division of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

John D Halamka, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Informatics Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Eugene Hardin, MD, FAAEM, FACEP  Former Chair and Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science; Former Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Martin Luther King Jr/Drew Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ravi Devidas Kadasne, MBBS, MD  Specialist in Radiology, Emirates International Hospital, UAE

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John Karani, MBBS, FRCR  Clinical Director of Radiology and Consultant Radiologist, Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, UK

John Karani, MBBS, FRCR is a member of the following medical societies: British Institute of Radiology, British Society of Interventional Radiology, Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology, European Society of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America, and Royal College of Radiologists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Samuel M Keim, MD  Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine

Samuel M Keim, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, American Public Health Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ali Nawaz Khan, MBBS, FRCS, FRCP, FRCR  Consultant Radiologist and Honorary Professor, North Manchester General Hospital Pennine Acute NHS Trust, UK

Ali Nawaz Khan, MBBS, FRCS, FRCP, FRCR is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, British Medical Association, British Society of Interventional Radiology, Royal College of Physicians, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of the United States, Royal College of Radiologists, and Royal College of Surgeons of England

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Lalam Radhesh Krishna, MBBS  Specialist Registrar, Department of Radiology, North Manchester General Hospital, UK

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

J David Lane, MD, RT  Chief, CMH Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Wisconsin Radiology Specialists, SC; Former Section Chief, Assistant Professor, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

J David Lane, MD, RT is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Radiology, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, American Roentgen Ray Society, Radiological Society of North America, and Society of Interventional Radiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Nick Lomis, MD  QI Coordinator, Diagnostic Radiology Service, Assistant Chief, Interventional Radiology and Diagnostic Radiology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center

Nick Lomis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, American Roentgen Ray Society, and Radiological Society of North America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Alexandre F Migala, DO  Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Denton Regional Medical Center

Alexandre F Migala, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Osteopathic Association, Association of Military Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons, and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

H Leon Pachter, MD, FACS  Chair, George David Stewart Professor, Department of Surgery, New York University Medical Center

H Leon Pachter, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, American College of Surgeons, American Surgical Association, American Trauma Society, New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, and Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Manish Parikh, MD  Assistant Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine; Attending Surgeon, Director Laparoscopic and Bariatric Surgery, Bellevue Hospital

Manish Parikh, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Surgeons, and Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Tufail Ahmed Patankar, MBBS, PhD, MSc, FRCR  Consulting Interventional Neuroradiologist, Department of Neuroradiology, Leeds General Infirmary, UK

Tufail Ahmed Patankar, MBBS, PhD, MSc, FRCR is a member of the following medical societies: British Society of Neuroradiologists and Royal College of Radiologists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Tushar Patel, MB, ChB  Professor of Medicine, Ohio State University Medical Center

Tushar Patel, MB, ChB is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and American Gastroenterological Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Marco G Patti, MD  Professor of Surgery, Director, Center for Esophageal Diseases, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine

Marco G Patti, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Surgeons, American Gastroenterological Association, American Medical Association, American Surgical Association, Association for Academic Surgery, Pan-Pacific Surgical Association, Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons, Southwestern Surgical Congress, and Western Surgical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Prospere Remy, MD  Assistant Professor of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Attending Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center

Prospere Remy, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Rahul Sharma, MD, MBA, FACEP  Assistant Professor, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Assistant Director for Operations, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center

Rahul Sharma, MD, MBA, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Peter A D Steel, MA, MBBS  Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Joan and Sanford I Weill Medical College of Cornell and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospitals

Peter A D Steel, MA, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, British Medical Association, Emergency Medicine Residents Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Alan BR Thomson, MD  Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Canada

Alan BR Thomson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alberta Medical Association, American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, Canadian Association of Gastroenterology, Canadian Medical Association, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeffery Wolff, DO  Consulting Staff, Department of Gastroenterology, Brooke Army Medical Center; Staff Gastroenterologist, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center

Jeffery Wolff, DO, is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, and American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Anil Minocha, MD, FACP, FACG  Professor of Medicine, Director of Digestive Diseases, Medical Director of Nutrition Support, Medical Director of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Internal Medicine Department, University of Mississippi Medical Center; Clinical Professor, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy

Anil Minocha, MD, FACP, FACG is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Forensic Examiners, American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Gastroenterological Association, and American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD  Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

John Geibel, MD, DSc, MA  Vice Chair and Professor, Department of Surgery, Section of Gastrointestinal Medicine, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine; Director, Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Yale-New Haven Hospital

John Geibel, MD, DSc, MA is a member of the following medical societies: American Gastroenterological Association, American Physiological Society, American Society of Nephrology, Association for Academic Surgery, International Society of Nephrology, New York Academy of Sciences, and Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract

Disclosure: AMGEN Royalty Consulting; ARdelyx Ownership interest Board membership

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP  Professor of Emergency Medicine, Professor of Internal Medicine, Program Director, Emergency Medicine, Case Medical Center, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Thoracic Society, Arkansas Medical Society, New York Academy of Medicine, New York Academy of Sciences, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Julian Katz, MD  Clinical Professor of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine

Julian Katz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association, American Geriatrics Society, American Medical Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, American Trauma Society, Association of American Medical Colleges, and Physicians for Social Responsibility

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

The authors and editors of eMedicine gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous authors Walter E Pofahl, MD, Amber A Guth, MD, FACS, Sumaira MacDonald, MBChB, PhD, MRCP, FRCR, and David Sherlock, MBBS, FRCS, to the development and writing of the source articles.