Esophageal Spasm: Multimedia

References

1. Smout AJ. Advances in esophageal motor disorders. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. Jul 2008;24(4):485-9. [Medline].

2. Almansa C, Hinder RA, Smith CD, Achem SR. A comprehensive appraisal of the surgical treatment of diffuse esophageal spasm. J Gastrointest Surg. Jun 2008;12(6):1133-45. [Medline].

3. Grubel C, Borovicka J, Schwizer W, Fox M, Hebbard G. Diffuse esophageal spasm. Am J Gastroenterol. Feb 2008;103(2):450-7. [Medline].

4. Almansa C, Achem SR. [Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES). Practical concepts of diagnosis and treatment] [Spanish]. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. Apr-Jun 2007;72(2):136-45. [Medline].

5. Nino-Murcia M, Stark P, Triadafilopoulos G. Esophageal wall thickening: a CT finding in diffuse esophageal spasm. J Comput Assist Tomogr. Mar-Apr 1997;21(2):318-21. [Medline].

6. Pandolfino JE, Fox MR, Bredenoord AJ, Kahrilas PJ. High-resolution manometry in clinical practice: utilizing pressure topography to classify oesophageal motility abnormalities. Neurogastroenterol Motil. Aug 2009;21(8):796-806. [Medline].

7. Herbella FA, Raz DJ, Nipomnick I, Patti MG. Primary versus secondary esophageal motility disorders: diagnosis and implications for treatment. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. Apr 2009;19(2):195-8. [Medline].

8. Nguyen NQ, Ching K, Tippett M, Smout AJ, Holloway RH. Impact of nadir lower oesophageal sphincter pressure on bolus clearance assessed by combined manometry and multi-channel intra-luminal impedance measurement. Neurogastroenterol Motil. Aug 21 2009;[Medline].

9. Lacy BE, Weiser K. Esophageal motility disorders: medical therapy. J Clin Gastroenterol. May-Jun 2008;42(5):652-8. [Medline].

10. Bremner RM, DeMeester TR. Current management of patients with esophageal motor abnormalities. Adv Surg. 1996;30:349-84. [Medline].

11. Cameron R, Barclay M, Dobbs B. Ambulatory oesophageal manometry and pH monitoring for investigation of chest pain: a New Zealand experience. N Z Med J. Mar 10, 2006;119(1230):U1877. [Medline].

12. Cannon RO 3rd, Quyyumi AA, Mincemoyer R, Stine AM, Gracely RH, Smith WB, et al. Imipramine in patients with chest pain despite normal coronary angiograms. N Engl J Med. May 19 1994;330(20):1411-7. [Medline].

13. Casselbrant A, Edebo A, Wennerblom J, Lonroth H, Helander HF, Vieth M, et al. Actions by angiotensin II on esophageal contractility in humans. Gastroenterology. Nov 2006;132(1):249-60. [Medline].

14. Dogan I, Mittal RK. Esophageal motor disorders: recent advances. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. Jul 2006;22(4):417-22. [Medline].

15. Dogan I, Puckett JL, Padda BS, Mittal RK. Prevalence of increased esophageal muscle thickness in patients with esophageal symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol. Jan 2007;102(1):137-45. [Medline].

16. Drenth JP, Bos LP, Engels LG. Efficacy of diltiazem in the treatment of diffuse oesophageal spasm. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. Aug 1990;4(4):411-6. [Medline].

17. Eslick GD, Coulshed DS, Talley NJ. Diagnosis and treatment of noncardiac chest pain. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. Oct 2005;2(10):463-472. [Medline].

18. Fass R, Pulliam G, Johnson C. Symptom severity and oesophageal chemosensitivity to acid in older and young patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux. Age Ageing. Mar 2000;29(2):125-30.

19. Faybush EM, Fass R. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in noncardiac chest pain. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. Mar 2004;33(1):41-54. [Medline].

20. Ferguson TB, Woodbury JD, Roper CL, Burford TH. Giant muscular hypertrophy of the esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg. Sep 1969;8(3):209-18. [Medline].

21. Howden CW. Review article: pharmacological approaches to the optimal control of nocturnal intragastric acidity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. Sept 2006;3:39-45.

22. Irving JD, Owen WJ, Linsell J, McCullagh M, Keightley A, Anggiansah A. Management of diffuse esophageal spasm with balloon dilatation. Gastrointest Radiol. 1992;17(3):189-92. [Medline].

23. Kamath MV, May A, Hollerbach S, Fitzpatrick D, Bulat R, Bajwa A, et al. Effects of esophageal stimulation in patients with functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2000;28(1-2):87-93. [Medline].

24. Makk LJ, Leesar M, Joseph A, Prince CP, Wright RA. Cardioesophageal reflexes: an invasive human study. Dig Dis Sci. Dec 2000;45(12):2451-4. [Medline].

25. Manfrini O, Bazzocchi G, Luati A, Borghi A, Monari P, Bugiardini R. Coronary spasm reflects inputs from adjacent esophageal system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. May 2006;290(5):H2085-91. [Medline].

26. Mellow MH, Simpson AG, Watt L, Schoolmeester L, Haye OL. Esophageal acid perfusion in coronary artery disease. Induction of myocardial ischemia. Gastroenterology. Aug 1983;85(2):306-12. [Medline].

27. Miller LS, Parkman HP, Schiano TD, Cassidy MJ, Ter RB, Dabezies MA, et al. Treatment of symptomatic nonachalasia esophageal motor disorders with botulinum toxin injection at the lower esophageal sphincter. Dig Dis Sci. Oct 1996;41(10):2025-31. [Medline].

28. Mittal RK. Motor and sensory function of the esophagus: revelations through ultrasound and imaging. J Clin Gastroenterol. Apr/2005;39(4 Suppl 2):S42-8.

29. Mittal RK, Kassab G, Puckett JL, Liu J. Hypertrophy of the muscularis propria of the lower esophageal sphincter and the body of the esophagus in patients with primary motility disorders of the esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(8):1705-12. [Medline].

30. Nayar DS, Khandwala F, Achkar E, Shay SS, Richter JE, Falk GW, et al. Esophageal manometry: assessment of interpreter consistency. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Mar 2005;3(3):218-24. [Medline].

31. Pope CE 2nd. The esophagus for the nonesophagologist. Am J Med. Nov 24 1997;103(5A):19S-22S. [Medline].

32. Rencoret G, Csendes A, Henríquez A. [Esophageal manometry in patients with non cardiac chest pain]. Rev Med Chil. Mar 2006;134(3):291-8. [Medline].

33. Rieder F, Cheng L, Harnett KM, Chak A, Cooper GS, Isenberg G, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease- associated esophagitis induces endogenous cytokine production leading to motor abnormalities. Gastroenterology. Jan 2007;132(1):154-65. [Medline].

34. Santos R, Haack HG, Maddalena D, Hansen RD, Kellow JE. Evaluation of artificial neural networks in the classification of primary oesophageal dysmotility. Scand J Gastroenterol. Mar 2006;41(3):257-63. [Medline].

35. Sifrim D, Janssens J, Vantrappen G. Failing deglutitive inhibition in primary esophageal motility disorders. Gastroenterology. Apr 1994;106(4):875-82. [Medline].

36. Spencer HL, Smith L, Riley SA. A questionnaire study to assess long-term outcome in patients with abnormal esophageal manometry. Dysphagia. Jul 2006;21(3):149-55. [Medline].

37. Swamy N. Esophageal spasm: clinical and manometric response to nitroglycerine and long acting nitrites. Gastroenterology. Jan 1977;72(1):23-7. [Medline].

38. Tutuian R, Mainie I, Agrawal A, Gideon RM, Katz PO, Castell DO. Symptom and function heterogenicity among patients with distal esophageal spasm: studies using combined impedance-manometry. Am J Gastroenterol. Mar 2006;101(3):464-9. [Medline].

39. Vaezi MF. Review article: the role of pH monitoring in extraoesophageal gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. Mar 2006;23 Suppl 1:40-9. [Medline].

40. Winters C, Artnak EJ, Benjamin SB, Castell DO. Esophageal bougienage in symptomatic patients with the nutcracker esophagus. A primary esophageal motility disorder. JAMA. Jul 20 1984;252(3):363-6. [Medline].

Further Reading

Related eMedicine Topics

• Achalasia
• Esophageal Motility Disorders
• Esophagus, Foreign Body [in the Radiology section]
• Foreign Bodies, Gastrointestinal [in the Emergency Medicine section]
• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

• Do Patients Who Have Had Surgery for Achalasia Suffer From Reflux
• A Randomized Comparison of Laparoscopic Myotomy and Pneumatic Dilatation for Achalasia
• Transient Lower Esophageal Sphincter Relaxations and High Resolution Manometry

National Guideline Clearinghouse

• ACR Appropriateness Criteria® dysphagia. American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society. 1998 (revised 2007). 6 pages. NGC:006986
• American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: clinical use of esophageal manometry. American Gastroenterological Association Institute - Medical Specialty Society. 1994 Jul 15 (revised 2005 Jan). 2 pages.  NGC:004013
• American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. American Gastroenterological Association Institute - Medical Specialty Society. 2008 Oct. 14 pages. NGC:006759
• Guidelines for oesophageal manometry and pH monitoring. British Society of Gastroenterology - Medical Specialty Society. 2006 Nov. 11 pages. NGC:007150

Keywords

esophageal spasm, diffuse esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus, DES, dysphagia, regurgitation, achalasia, noncardiac chest pain, esophagectomy, globus, gastric reflux, gastric reflux, microvascular compression of Vagus nerve

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Alan BR Thomson, MD, MSc, PhD, Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine
Alan BR Thomson, MD, MSc, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Federation for Aging Research, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Gastroenterological Association, American Geriatrics Society, American Physiological Society, Canadian Association of Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology Research Group, New York Academy of Sciences, and Royal Society of Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

John Gunn Lee, MD, Director of Pancreaticobiliary Service, Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California at Irvine School of Medicine
John Gunn Lee, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association, and American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Simmy Bank, MD, Chair, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Long Island Jewish Hospital, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Alex J Mechaber, MD, FACP, Associate Dean for Undergraduate Medical Education, Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Alex J Mechaber, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, and Society of General Internal Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Julian Katz, MD, Clinical Professor of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital of the Medical College of Pennsylvania
Julian Katz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association, American Geriatrics Society, American Medical Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, American Society of Law Medicine and Ethics, American Trauma Society, Association of American Medical Colleges, and Physicians for Social Responsibility
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.