eMedicine Specialties > Gastroenterology > Esophagus
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Multimedia
Updated: Apr 28, 2009
Multimedia
![]() | Media file 1: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy indicating Barrett esophagus. |
![]() | Media file 2: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)/Barrett esophagus/adenocarcinoma sequence. |
![]() | Media file 3: Barium swallow indicating hiatal hernia. |
![]() | Media file 4: Ambulatory pH monitoring indicating episodes of reflux correlating with the heartburn experienced by the patient. |
![]() | Media file 5: Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. |
![]() | Media file 6: Peptic esophagitis. A rapid urease test (RUT) is performed on the esophageal biopsy sample. The result is positive for esophagitis. |
![]() | Media file 7: Endoscopy demonstrating intraluminal esophageal cancer. |
More on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
| Overview: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
| Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
| Treatment & Medication: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
| Follow-up: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
Multimedia: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
| References |
| Further Reading |
| « Previous Page |
References
[Best Evidence] Hampel H, Abraham NS, El-Serag HB. Meta-analysis: obesity and the risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications. Ann Intern Med. Aug 2 2005;143(3):199-211. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Herbella FA, Sweet MP, Tedesco P, Nipomnick I, Patti MG. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity. Pathophysiology and implications for treatment. J Gastrointest Surg. Mar 2007;11(3):286-90. [Medline].
Merrouche M, Sabate JM, Jouet P, et al. Gastro-esophageal reflux and esophageal motility disorders in morbidly obese patients before and after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. Jul 2007;17(7):894-900. [Medline].
Murray L, Johnston B, Lane A, et al. Relationship between body mass and gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: The Bristol Helicobacter Project. Int J Epidemiol. Aug 2003;32(4):645-50. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Pandolfino JE, El-Serag HB, Zhang Q, et al. Obesity: a challenge to esophagogastric junction integrity. Gastroenterology. Mar 2006;130(3):639-49. [Medline].
El-Serag HB, Graham DY, Satia JA, Rabeneck L. Obesity is an independent risk factor for GERD symptoms and erosive esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. Jun 2005;100(6):1243-50. [Medline].
Yang YX, Lewis JD, Epstein S, Metz DC. Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture. JAMA. Dec 27 2006;296(24):2947-53. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Comparative Effectiveness of Management Strategies for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease - Executive Summary. AHRQ pub. no. 06-EHC003-1. December 2005. Available at http://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/healthInfo.cfm?infotype=rr&ProcessID=1&DocID=42. Accessed April 21, 2009.
Lundell L, Miettinen P, Myrvold HE, et al. Continued (5-year) followup of a randomized clinical study comparing antireflux surgery and omeprazole in gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Am Coll Surg. Feb 2001;192(2):172-9; discussion 179-81. [Medline].
Spechler SJ. Epidemiology and natural history of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Digestion. 1992;51 suppl 1:24-9. [Medline].
Anvari M, Allen C, Marshall J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of laparoscopic nissen fundoplication versus proton pump inhibitors for treatment of patients with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease: One-year follow-up. Surg Innov. Dec 2006;13(4):238-49. [Medline].
[Best Evidence] Grant AM, Wileman SM, Ramsay CR, et al. Minimal access surgery compared with medical management for chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: UK collaborative randomised trial. BMJ. Dec 15 2008;337:a2664. [Medline]. [Full Text].
El-Serag HB. Time trends of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Jan 2007;5(1):17-26. [Medline].
Anvari M, Allen C. Five-year comprehensive outcomes evaluation in 181 patients after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. J Am Coll Surg. Jan 2003;196(1):51-7; discussion 57-8; author reply 58-9. [Medline].
Armstrong D, Kazim F, Gervais M, Pyzyk M. Early relief of upper gastrointestinal dyspeptic symptoms: a survey of empirical therapy with pantoprazole in Canadian clinical practice. Can J Gastroenterol. Jul 2002;16(7):439-50. [Medline].
Bianchi Porro G, Pace F, Peracchia A, et al. Short-term treatment of refractory reflux esophagitis with different doses of omeprazole or ranitidine. J Clin Gastroenterol. Oct 1992;15(3):192-8. [Medline].
Bowers SP, Mattar SG, Smith CD, Waring JP, Hunter JG. Clinical and histologic follow-up after antireflux surgery for Barrett's esophagus. J Gastrointest Surg. Jul-Aug 2002;6(4):532-8; discussion 539. [Medline].
Bremner RM, Bremner CG, DeMeester TR. Gastroesophageal reflux: the use of pH monitoring. Curr Probl Surg. Jun 1995;32(6):429-558. [Medline].
Broussard CN, Richter JE. Treating gastro-oesophageal reflux disease during pregnancy and lactation: what are the safest therapy options?. Drug Saf. Oct 1998;19(4):325-37. [Medline].
Bytzer P, Havelund T, Hansen JM. Interobserver variation in the endoscopic diagnosis of reflux esophagitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. Feb 1993;28(2):119-25. [Medline].
Campos GM, Peters JH, DeMeester TR, et al. Multivariate analysis of factors predicting outcome after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. J Gastrointest Surg. May-Jun 1999;3(3):292-300. [Medline].
Costantini M, Crookes PF, Bremner RM, et al. Value of physiologic assessment of foregut symptoms in a surgical practice. Surgery. Oct 1993;114(4):780-6; discussion 786-7. [Medline].
Dallemagne B, Weerts J, Markiewicz S, et al. Clinical results of laparoscopic fundoplication at ten years after surgery. Surg Endosc. Jan 2006;20(1):159-65. [Medline].
El-Serag HB, Tran T, Richardson P, Ergun G. Anthropometric correlates of intragastric pressure. Scand J Gastroenterol. Aug 2006;41(8):887-91. [Medline].
Fernando HC, Schauer PR, Rosenblatt M, et al. Quality of life after antireflux surgery compared with nonoperative management for severe gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Am Coll Surg. Jan 2002;194(1):23-7. [Medline].
Fuchs KH, DeMeester TR, Albertucci M. Specificity and sensitivity of objective diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Surgery. Oct 1987;102(4):575-80. [Medline].
Harding SM, Richter JE, Guzzo MR, et al. Asthma and gastroesophageal reflux: acid suppressive therapy improves asthma outcome. Am J Med. Apr 1996;100(4):395-405. [Medline].
Hetzel DJ, Dent J, Reed WD, et al. Healing and relapse of severe peptic esophagitis after treatment with omeprazole. Gastroenterology. Oct 1988;95(4):903-12. [Medline].
Hinder RA, Stein HJ, Bremner CG, DeMeester TR. Relationship of a satisfactory outcome to normalization of delayed gastric emptying after Nissen fundoplication. Ann Surg. Oct 1989;210(4):458-64; discussion 464-5. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Hunter JG, Trus TL, Branum GD, Waring JP, Wood WC. A physiologic approach to laparoscopic fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Ann Surg. Jun 1996;223(6):673-85; discussion 685-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Kauer WK, Peters JH, DeMeester TR, et al. Mixed reflux of gastric and duodenal juices is more harmful to the esophagus than gastric juice alone. The need for surgical therapy re-emphasized. Ann Surg. Oct 1995;222(4):525-31; discussion 531-3. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Koelz HR, Birchler R, Bretholz A, et al. Healing and relapse of reflux esophagitis during treatment with ranitidine. Gastroenterology. Nov 1986;91(5):1198-205. [Medline].
Locke GR 3rd, Talley NJ, Fett SL, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ 3rd. Risk factors associated with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Med. Jun 1999;106(6):642-9. [Medline].
McCallum RW, Berkowitz DM, Lerner E. Gastric emptying in patients with gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology. Feb 1981;80(2):285-91. [Medline].
Monnier P, Ollyo JP, Fontolliet C, Savary M. Epidemiology and natural history of reflux esophagitis. Semin Laparosc Surg. 1995;2:2-9.
Oelschlager BK, Barreca M, Chang L, Oleynikov D, Pellegrini CA. Clinical and pathologic response of Barrett's esophagus to laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Ann Surg. Oct 2003;238(4):458-64; discussion 464-6. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Ollyo JB, Lang F, Fontolliet CH. Savary-Miller's new endoscopic grading of reflux-esophagitis: a simple, reproducible, logical, complete, and useful classification. Gastroenterology. 1990;98:A100.
Patti MG, Arcerito M, Feo CV, et al. An analysis of operations for gastroesophageal reflux disease: identifying the important technical elements. Arch Surg. Jun 1998;133(6):600-6; discussion 606-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Patti MG, Arcerito M, Feo CV, et al. Barrett's esophagus: a surgical disease. J Gastrointest Surg. Jul-Aug 1999;3(4):397-403; discussion 403-4. [Medline].
Patti MG, Feo CV, De Pinto M, et al. Results of laparoscopic antireflux surgery for dysphagia and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Surg. Dec 1998;176(6):564-8. [Medline].
Patti MG, Robinson T, Galvani C, et al. Total fundoplication is superior to partial fundoplication even when esophageal peristalsis is weak. J Am Coll Surg. Jun 2004;198(6):863-9; discussion 869-70. [Medline].
Peghini PL, Katz PO, Castell DO. Ranitidine controls nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough on omeprazole: a controlled study in normal subjects. Gastroenterology. Dec 1998;115(6):1335-9. [Medline].
Pessaux P, Arnaud JP, Delattre JF, et al. Laparoscopic antireflux surgery: five-year results and beyond in 1340 patients. Arch Surg. Oct 2005;140(10):946-51. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Peters JH, DeMeester TR, Crookes P, et al. The treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease with laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication: prospective evaluation of 100 patients with "typical" symptoms. Ann Surg. Jul 1998;228(1):40-50. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Richter JE. Extraesophageal presentations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Semin Gastrointest Dis. Apr 1997;8(2):75-89. [Medline].
Schillinger W, Teucher N, Sossalla S, et al. Negative inotropy of the gastric proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole in myocardium from humans and rabbits: evaluation of mechanisms. Circulation. Jul 3 2007;116(1):57-66. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Spechler SJ. The columnar-lined esophagus. History, terminology, and clinical issues. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. Sep 1997;26(3):455-66. [Medline].
Spechler SJ, Lee E, Ahnen D, et al. Long-term outcome of medical and surgical therapies for gastroesophageal reflux disease: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. May 9 2001;285(18):2331-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Streitz JM Jr, Andrews CW Jr, Ellis FH Jr. Endoscopic surveillance of Barrett's esophagus. Does it help?. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Mar 1993;105(3):383-7; discussion 387-8. [Medline].
Streitz JM Jr, Williamson WA, Ellis FH Jr. Current concepts concerning the nature and treatment of Barrett's esophagus and its complications. Ann Thorac Surg. Sep 1992;54(3):586-91. [Medline].
Vigneri S, Termini R, Leandro G, et al. A comparison of five maintenance therapies for reflux esophagitis. N Engl J Med. Oct 26 1995;333(17):1106-10. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Zaninotto G, Portale G, Costantini M, et al. Long-term results (6-10 years) of laparoscopic fundoplication. J Gastrointest Surg. Sep 2007;11(9):1138-45. [Medline].
[Best Evidence] Hemmink GJ, Bredenoord AJ, Weusten BL, et al. Esophageal pH-impedance monitoring in patients with therapy-resistant reflux symptoms: 'on' or 'off' proton pump inhibitor?. Am J Gastroenterol. Oct 2008;103(10):2446-53. [Medline].
[Best Evidence] Horvath A, Dziechciarz P, Szajewska H. The effect of thickened-feed interventions on gastroesophageal reflux in infants: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Pediatrics. Dec 2008;122(6):e1268-77. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Further Reading
Additional resources on asthma are available at Medscape’s Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Resource Center.
Related eMedicine Topics
- Esophageal Cancer [in the Oncology section]
- Esophagitis [in the Gastroenterology]
- Gastroesophageal Reflux [in the Radiology section]
- Gastroesophageal Reflux, Surgical Treatment [in the Pediatrics: Surgery section]
- Reflux Laryngitis [in the Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery section]
Clinical Trials
- Barrett's Esophagus & Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
- Prevalence of EED and Quality of Life Evaluated by Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)-Q in Korean GERD Patients
- Safety and Efficacy the Medigus SRS Endoscopic Stapling System in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- Symptoms and Management Strategies in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
National Guidelines Clearinghouse
- American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: clinical use of esophageal manometry. American Gastroenterological Association Institute - Medical Specialty Society. 1994 Jul 15 (revised 2005 Jan). 2 pages. NGC:004013
- American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. American Gastroenterological Association Institute - Medical Specialty Society. 2008 Oct. 14 pages. NGC:006759
- Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux disease: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society. 2006 Jan. 15 pages. NGC:004821
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). University of Michigan Health System - Academic Institution. 2002 Mar (revised 2007 Jan). 10 pages. NGC:005568
- Initial management of dyspepsia and GERD. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization. 1998 Oct (revised 2006 Jul). 53 pages. NGC:005174
- Management of dyspepsia and heartburn. New Zealand Guidelines Group - Private Nonprofit Organization. 2004 Jun. 119 pages. NGC:003656
- Role of endoscopy in the management of GERD. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy - Medical Specialty Society. 2007 Aug. 6 pages. NGC:006207
- VHA/DoD clinical practice guideline for the management of adults with gastroesophageal reflux disease in primary care practice. Department of Defense - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; Department of Veterans Affairs - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; Veterans Health Administration - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]. 2003 Mar. 65 pages. NGC:003570
Keywords
gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD, reflux, heartburn, esophagitis, gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, PUD, lower esophageal sphincter, LES, hiatal hernia, obesity, regurgitation, dysphagia, Barrett esophagus, adenocarcinoma, laryngitis, proton pump inhibitor, PPI, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, EGD, laparoscopic fundoplication, Nissen fundoplication














Multimedia: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease