Giardiasis Differential Diagnoses
- Author: Sandeep Mukherjee, MB, BCh, MPH, FRCPC; Chief Editor: Julian Katz, MD more...
Differential Diagnoses
- Amebiasis
- Crohn Disease
- Cryptosporidiosis
- Diarrhea
- Food Poisoning
- Gastroenteritis, Viral
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- Lactose Intolerance
- Sprue
- Strongyloidiasis
Daly ER, Roy SJ, Blaney DD, Manning JS, Hill VR, Xiao L, et al. Outbreak of giardiasis associated with a community drinking-water source. Epidemiol Infect. Sep 15 2009;1-10. [Medline].
Robertson L, Gjerde B, Hansen EF, Stachurska-Hagen T. A water contamination incident in Oslo, Norway during October 2007; a basis for discussion of boil-water notices and the potential for post-treatment contamination of drinking water supplies. J Water Health. Mar 2009;7(1):55-66. [Medline].
Eisenstein L, Bodager D, Ginzl D. Outbreak of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis associated with a neighborhood interactive water fountain--Florida, 2006. J Environ Health. Oct 2008;71(3):18-22; quiz 49-50. [Medline].
Nishi L, Baesso ML, Santana RG, Fregadolli P, Falavigna DL, Falavigna-Guilherme AL. Investigation of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in a public water-treatment system. Zoonoses Public Health. Jun 2009;56(5):221-8. [Medline].
Hill DR. Giardia lamblia. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 2. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Churchill Livingstone An Imprint of Elsevier Inc.; 2005:3198-3203 / 277. [Full Text].
Huston CD. Intestinal Protozoa. Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ. Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. Volume 2. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, An imprint of Elsevier Inc.; 2006:2420-2423 / 106. [Full Text].
Robertson LJ, Forberg T, Gjerde BK. Giardia cysts in sewage influent in Bergen, Norway 15-23 months after an extensive waterborne outbreak of giardiasis. J Appl Microbiol. Apr 2008;104(4):1147-52. [Medline].
Ryu H, Alum A, Mena KD, Abbaszadegan M. Assessment of the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium and Giardia in non-potable reclaimed water. Water Sci Technol. 2007;55(1-2):283-90. [Medline].
Farthing MJ. Giardiasis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. Sep 1996;25(3):493-515. [Medline].
Sears CL. Giardiasis. Goldman L, Ausiello D. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders , An Imprint of Elsevier Inc; 2007:2402-2404 / 372. [Full Text].
Monis PT, Thompson RC. Cryptosporidium and Giardia-zoonoses: fact or fiction?. Infect Genet Evol. Nov 2003;3(4):233-44. [Medline].
Huang DB, White AC. An updated review on Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. Jun 2006;35(2):291-314, viii. [Medline].
Thompson RC, Palmer CS, O'Handley R. The public health and clinical significance of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in domestic animals. Vet J. Jul 2008;177(1):18-25. [Medline].
Ballweber LR, Xiao L, Bowman DD, Kahn G, Cama VA. Giardiasis in dogs and cats: update on epidemiology and public health significance. Trends Parasitol. Apr 2010;26(4):180-9. [Medline].
John CC. Giardiasis and Balantidiasis. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman BE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, An imprint of Elsevier Inc; 2007:1462-1464 / 279.
Buret AG. Mechanisms of epithelial dysfunction in giardiasis. Gut. Mar 2007;56(3):316-7. [Medline].
Hill DR. Giardiasis. Issues in diagnosis and management. Infect Dis Clin North Am. Sep 1993;7(3):503-25. [Medline].
Hanevik K, Hausken T, Morken MH, Strand EA, Morch K, Coll P, et al. Persisting symptoms and duodenal inflammation related to Giardia duodenalis infection. J Infect. Dec 2007;55(6):524-30. [Medline].
Buret AG. Pathophysiology of enteric infections with Giardia duodenalius. Parasite. Sep 2008;15(3):261-5. [Medline].
Faubert G. Immune response to Giardia duodenalis. Clin Microbiol Rev. Jan 2000;13(1):35-54, table of contents. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Buret AG. Immunopathology of giardiasis: the role of lymphocytes in intestinal epithelial injury and malfunction. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. Mar 2005;100 Suppl 1:185-90. [Medline].
Garcia LS. Intestinal Protozoa: Flagellates and Ciliates. In: Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. 5th ed. Washington, D.C: ASM Press; 2007:36-49/3.
Roxström-Lindquist K, Palm D, Reiner D, Ringqvist E, Svärd SG. Giardia immunity--an update. Trends Parasitol. Jan 2006;22(1):26-31. [Medline].
Panaro MA, Cianciulli A, Mitolo V, Mitolo CI, Acquafredda A, Brandonisio O, et al. Caspase-dependent apoptosis of the HCT-8 epithelial cell line induced by the parasite Giardia intestinalis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. Nov 2007;51(2):302-9. [Medline].
Liu C, Crawford JM. The Gastrointestinal Tract. In: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N. Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, An Imprint of Elsevier; 2005:840 / 17. [Full Text].
Cacciò SM, Ryan U. Molecular epidemiology of giardiasis. Mol Biochem Parasitol. Aug 2008;160(2):75-80. [Medline].
Minvielle MC, Molina NB, Polverino D, Basualdo JA. First genotyping of Giardia lamblia from human and animal feces in Argentina, South America. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. Feb 2008;103(1):98-103. [Medline].
Robertson LJ, Forberg T, Hermansen L, Gjerde BK, Langeland N. Molecular characterisation of Giardia isolates from clinical infections following a waterborne outbreak. J Infect. Jul 2007;55(1):79-88. [Medline].
Abdul-Wahid A, Faubert G. Characterization of the local immune response to cyst antigens during the acute and elimination phases of primary murine giardiasis. Int J Parasitol. May 2008;38(6):691-703. [Medline].
Dawson D. Foodborne protozoan parasites. Int J Food Microbiol. Aug 25 2005;103(2):207-27. [Medline].
Fort GG, Mikolich DJ, Policar M. Giardiasis. In: Ferri FF. Clinical Advisor 2009. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby, An Imprint of Elsevier; 2009:358.
Yoder JS, Beach MJ. Giardiasis surveillance--United States, 2003-2005. MMWR Surveill Summ. Sep 7 2007;56(7):11-8. [Medline].
Pickering LK. Giardia lamblia (Giardiasis). In: Long SS. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone An imprint of Elsevier Inc; 2008:1241-1245/ 265. [Full Text].
Cacciò SM, Thompson RC, McLauchlin J, Smith HV. Unravelling Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology. Trends Parasitol. Sep 2005;21(9):430-7. [Medline].
Giangaspero A, Berrilli F, Brandonisio O. Giardia and Cryptosporidium and public health: the epidemiological scenario from the Italian perspective. Parasitol Res. Oct 2007;101(5):1169-82. [Medline].
Laupland KB, Church DL. Population-based laboratory surveillance for Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. infections in a large Canadian health region. BMC Infect Dis. Sep 16 2005;5:72. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Hoque ME. Conn's Current Therapy 2008. In: Rakel RE, Bope ET. Giardiasis. 60th ed. Saunders, An imprint of Elsevier, Inc: Philadelphia, PA; 2008:64-67 / 15.
Dib HH, Lu SQ, Wen SF. Prevalence of Giardia lamblia with or without diarrhea in South East, South East Asia and the Far East. Parasitol Res. Jul 2008;103(2):239-51. [Medline].
Gelanew T, Lalle M, Hailu A, Pozio E, Cacciò SM. Molecular characterization of human isolates of Giardia duodenalis from Ethiopia. Acta Trop. May 2007;102(2):92-9. [Medline].
Quihui L, Morales GG, Méndez RO, Leyva JG, Esparza J, Valencia ME. Could giardiasis be a risk factor for low zinc status in schoolchildren from northwestern Mexico? A cross-sectional study with longitudinal follow-up. BMC Public Health. Feb 20 2010;10(1):85. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Thompson SC. Giardia lamblia in children and the child care setting: a review of the literature. J Paediatr Child Health. Jun 1994;30(3):202-9. [Medline].
Escobedo AA, Almirall P, Alfonso M, Cimerman S, Rey S, Terry SL. Treatment of intestinal protozoan infections in children. Arch Dis Child. Jun 2009;94(6):478-82. [Medline].
Jiménez JC, Pinon A, Dive D, Capron M, Dei-Cas E, Convit J. Antibody response in children infected with Giardia intestinalis before and after treatment with Secnidazole. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Jan 2009;80(1):11-5. [Medline].
Hanevik K, Dizdar V, Langeland N, Hausken T. Development of functional gastrointestinal disorders after Giardia lamblia infection. BMC Gastroenterol. Apr 21 2009;9:27. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Dizdar V, Gilja OH, Hausken T. Increased visceral sensitivity in Giardia-induced postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia. Effect of the 5HT3-antagonist ondansetron. Neurogastroenterol Motil. Dec 2007;19(12):977-82. [Medline].
Penrose AS, Wells EV, Aiello AE. Infectious causation of chronic disease: examining the relationship between Giardia lamblia infection and irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. Sep 14 2007;13(34):4574-8. [Medline].
Quihui L, Morales GG, Méndez RO, Leyva JG, Esparza J, Valencia ME. Could giardiasis be a risk factor for low zinc status in schoolchildren from northwestern Mexico? A cross-sectional study with longitudinal follow-up. BMC Public Health. Feb 20 2010;10(1):85. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Ouattara M, N'guéssan NA, Yapi A, N'goran EK. Prevalence and spatial distribution of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar and Giardia lamblia among schoolchildren in Agboville area (Côte d'Ivoire). PLoS Negl Trop Dis. Jan 19 2010;4(1):e574. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Nagaty IM, Hegazi MM. Dot-ELISA copro-antigen and direct stool examination in diagnosis of giardiasis patients. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. Aug 2007;37(2):641-8. [Medline].
Strand EA, Robertson LJ, Hanevik K, Alvsvåg JO, Mørch K, Langeland N. Sensitivity of a Giardia antigen test in persistent giardiasis following an extensive outbreak. Clin Microbiol Infect. Nov 2008;14(11):1069-71. [Medline].
Youn S, Kabir M, Haque R, Petri WA Jr. Evaluation of a screening test for detection of giardia and cryptosporidium parasites. J Clin Microbiol. Feb 2009;47(2):451-2. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Morken MH, Nysaeter G, Strand EA, Hausken T, Berstad A. Lactulose breath test results in patients with persistent abdominal symptoms following Giardia lamblia infection. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2008;43(2):141-5. [Medline].
Busatti HG, Vieira AE, Viana JC, Silva HE, Souza-Fagundes EM, Martins-Filho OA, et al. Effect of metronidazole analogues on Giardia lamblia cultures. Parasitol Res. Dec 2007;102(1):145-9. [Medline].
Monajemzadeh SM, Monajemzadeh M. Comparison of iron and hematological indices in Giardia lamblia infection before and after treatment in 102 children in Ahwaz, Iran. Med Sci Monit. Jan 2008;14(1):CR19-23. [Medline].
Escobedo AA, Cimerman S. Giardiasis: a pharmacotherapy review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. Aug 2007;8(12):1885-902. [Medline].
Kiser JD, Paulson CP, Brown C. Clinical inquiries. What's the most effective treatment for giardiasis?. J Fam Pract. Apr 2008;57(4):270-2. [Medline].
Gardner TB, Hill DR. Treatment of giardiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. Jan 2001;14(1):114-28. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Wright JM, Dunn LA, Upcroft P, Upcroft JA. Efficacy of antigiardial drugs. Expert Opin Drug Saf. Nov 2003;2(6):529-41. [Medline].
Busatti HG, Santos JF, Gomes MA. The old and new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of giardiasis: Where are we?. Biologics. 2009;3:273-87. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Bailey JM, Erramouspe J. Nitazoxanide treatment for giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in children. Ann Pharmacother. Apr 2004;38(4):634-40. [Medline].

