Background
The spleen, originally called the organum plenum mysterii by Galen, has long been an important organ for surgeons. The first splenectomy was performed by Andirano Zaccarello in 1549 on a young woman with an enlarged spleen who survived for 6 years after surgery. [1, 2] Traditionally, surgical removal of the spleen was done by an open approach using either an upper midline or left subcostal incision.
With the advent of minimally invasive techniques, laparoscopic splenectomy has become a standard procedure for elective removal of the spleen for most indications. Since the first report of laparoscopic splenectomy by Delaitre and Maignien in 1991 [3] , it has been increasingly used; however, several technical challenges remain related to removing this fragile, well-vascularized organ that lies close to the stomach, colon, pancreas, and kidney.
Indications
Indications for laparoscopic splenectomy are the same as those for open splenectomy except when emergency splenectomy and exploratory laparotomy for traumatic injuries are needed. Laparoscopic splenectomy is indicated for various benign hematologic diseases, malignant hematologic diseases, secondary hypersplenism, and other anatomic disorders of the spleen.
The most common benign hematologic disease treated with laparoscopic splenectomy is immune thrombocytopenia purpura, and it is recommended when medical therapy, including steroids and intravenous gammaglobulin, fail or long-term steroids are needed. Laparoscopic splenectomy can also be warranted in other benign conditions, including other types of thrombotic purpura, hereditary spherocytosis, major and intermediate thalassemia with secondary hypersplenism or severe anemia, sickle cell disease, and refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
Laparoscopic splenectomy for malignant diseases of the spleen can be used for diagnostic or therapeutic reasons. Indications include myeloproliferative disorders, lymphoproliferative diseases, hairy cell leukemia, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, malignant vascular tumors, malignant lymphomas, and lymphangiosarcomas. [4]
Although the use of laparoscopic splenectomy in trauma has been reported, [5] its role is limited because most hemodynamically stable patients with splenic injuries are successfully treated nonoperatively, and unstable patients require emergency laparotomy for control of hemorrhage and to evaluate possible associated traumatic injuries.
Contraindications
Contraindications for laparoscopic splenectomy are similar to those for all laparoscopic surgeries. They include the inability to tolerate general anesthesia, uncontrollable coagulopathy, and the need for laparotomy for associated procedures.
Although reports on the safety of laparoscopic splenectomy in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension have been published, [6, 7, 8, 9] many consider this an absolute contraindication to laparoscopic splenectomy. [4]
Massive splenomegaly is a relative contraindication; however, the hand-assisted technique may facilitate removal of large spleens in a minimally invasive fashion. Good results are being reported for laparoscopic removal of very large spleens, and it has been suggested that with advances in laparoscopic technology and expertise, laparoscopic splenectomy may become the gold standard operation even for massive spleens and splenic malignancies. [10]
Technical Considerations
Anatomy
The spleen is an wedge-shaped organ that lies in relation to ribs 9 and 11, located in the left hypochondrium and partly in the epigastrium; thus, it is situated between the fundus of the stomach and the diaphragm. The spleen is highly vascular and reddish purple; its size and weight are variable. A normal spleen is not palpable. For more information about the relevant anatomy, see Spleen Anatomy.
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Division of the splenocolic ligament with clear visualization of the pancreas.
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Division of the lateral attachments to the spleen.
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Continued mobilization and takedown of the lateral attachments of the spleen.
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Medial dissection of the spleen.
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Division of the short gastric vessels.
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Division of the short gastric vessels with the use of an endoscopic stapling device.
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Ligation of the splenic hilum.
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Placement of the spleen in a retrievable sac.
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Patient positioning for lateral approach with port placement.
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Patient positioning for the lateral approach.
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Laparoscopic port placement for the lateral approach.
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Port positioning.
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Port positioning for a normal-sized spleen.
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Accessory spleen found in the splenocolic ligament.
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Ligation of the splenic hilum with an endoscopic stapler.
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Ligation of the splenic hilum with an endoscopic stapler. A blunt retractor is used to elevate the spleen.
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Ligation of the splenic hilum with an endoscopic stapler.
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A blunt grasper used to mimic the proposed staple line for transection of the hilum.
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Placing the spleen in a retrievable sac.
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Pulling the spleen up to the 12-mm trocar site to allow for morcellation and removal.
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Patient positioning and port/hand placement for the hand-assisted technique.
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Diagram showing technique of hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy.
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Port and hand placement for a hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy for an enlarged spleen.
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Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy. The enlarged spleen may be removed in total from the hand-assist incision.
