Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Medication
- Author: Karen Seiter, MD; Chief Editor: Emmanuel C Besa, MD more...
Medication Summary
Medications used for the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cause severe bone marrow depression. Only physicians specifically trained in their use should use these agents. In addition, access to appropriate supportive care (ie, blood banking) is required.
Antineoplastics
Class Summary
Antineoplastic agents are used for induction or consolidation therapy. These agents inhibit cell growth and differentiation. They include cytarabine, daunorubicin, idarubicin, and mitoxantrone.
Azacitidine (Vidaza)
Azacitidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog of cytidine. It interferes with nucleic acid metabolism. It exerts antineoplastic effects by DNA hypomethylation and direct cytotoxicity on abnormal hematopoietic bone marrow cells. Hypomethylation may restore normal function to genes critical for cell differentiation and proliferation. Nonproliferative cells are largely insensitive to azacitidine. It is indicated to treat myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) and is FDA approved for all 5 MDS subtypes.
Cytarabine (Cytosar-U)
Cytarabine is an antimetabolite specific for cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle. It acts through inhibition of DNA polymerase and cytosine incorporation into DNA and RNA.
Daunorubicin (Cerubidine)
Daunorubicin is a topoisomerase-II inhibitor. It inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis by intercalating between DNA base pairs.
Idarubicin (Idamycin)
Idarubicin is a topoisomerase-II inhibitor. It inhibits cell proliferation by inhibiting DNA and RNA polymerase.
Mitoxantrone (Novantrone)
Mitoxantrone inhibits cell proliferation by intercalating DNA. It inhibits topoisomerase II.
Arsenic trioxide (Trisenox)
Arsenic trioxide is used in patients with relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Its mechanism of action is not completely understood. Arsenic trioxide causes morphologic changes and DNA fragmentation that are characteristic of apoptosis in NB4 human promyelocytic leukemia cells in vitro. Arsenic trioxide also causes damage or degradation of the fusion protein PML-RAR alpha.
Fludarabine (Fludara)
Fludarabine contains fludarabine phosphate, a fluorinated nucleotide analog of the antiviral agent vidarabine, 9-b-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A), that enters the cell and is phosphorylated to form the active metabolite 2-fluoro-ara-ATP, which inhibits DNA synthesis. It is also incorporated into RNA, causing inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis; however, its primary effect may result from activation of apoptosis. It is also relatively resistant to deamination by adenosine deaminase.
The dosage may be decreased or delayed based on evidence of hematologic or nonhematologic toxicity. Physicians should consider delaying or discontinuing the drug if neurotoxicity occurs. The optimal duration of treatment is not clearly established. It is recommended that 3 additional cycles of fludarabine be administered following the achievement of maximal response, and then the drug should be discontinued.
Cyclophosphamide
Cyclophosphamide is a cyclic polypeptide that suppresses some humoral activity. It is chemically related to nitrogen mustards and is activated in the liver to its active metabolite, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, which alkylates the target sites in susceptible cells in an all-or-none type of reaction. As an alkylating agent, the mechanism of action of the active metabolites may involve cross-linking of DNA, which may interfere with the growth of normal and neoplastic cells.
It is biotransformed by cytochrome P450 system to hydroxylated intermediates that break down to active phosphoramide mustard and acrolein. The interaction of phosphoramide mustard with DNA is considered cytotoxic.
When cyclophosphamide is used in autoimmune diseases, the mechanism of action is thought to involve immunosuppression due to destruction of immune cells via DNA cross-linking.
In high doses, it affects B cells by inhibiting clonal expansion and suppression of the production of immunoglobulins. With long-term, low-dose therapy, it affects T-cell functions.
Cladribine (Leustatin)
Cladribine is a synthetic antineoplastic agent for continuous IV infusion. The enzyme deoxycytidine kinase phosphorylates this compound into an active 5+-triphosphate derivative, which, in turn, brakes DNA strands and inhibits DNA synthesis. It disrupts cell metabolism, causing death to resting and dividing cells.
Decitabine (Dacogen)
Decitabine is a hypomethylating agent believed to exert antineoplastic effects by incorporating into DNA and inhibiting methyltransferase, resulting in hypomethylation. Hypomethylation in neoplastic cells may restore normal function to genes critical for cellular control of differentiation and proliferation. It is indicated for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs), including previously treated and untreated, de novo, and secondary MDSs of all French-American-British (FAB) subtypes (ie, refractory anemia, refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, refractory anemia with excess blasts, refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia) and International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) groups intermediate-1 risk, intermediate-2 risk, and high risk.
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| Marker | Lineage |
| CD13 | Myeloid |
| CD33 | Myeloid |
| CD34 | Early precursor |
| HLA-DR | Positive in most AML, negative in APL |
| CD11b | Mature monocytes |
| CD14 | Monocytes |
| CD41 | Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex |
| CD42a | Platelet glycoprotein IX |
| CD42b | Platelet glycoprotein Ib |
| CD61 | Platelet glycoprotein IIIa |
| Glycophorin A | Erythroid |
| TdT | Usually indicates acute lymphocytic leukemia, however, may be positive in M0 or M1 |
| CD11c | Myeloid |
| CD117 (c-kit) | Myeloid/stem cell |
| Abnormality | Genes Involved | Morphology | Response |
| t(8;21)(q22;q22) | AML/ETO | M2 | Good |
| inv(16)(p13;q22) | CBFb/MYH11 | M4eo | Good |
| Normal | Multiple | Varies | Intermediate |
| -7 | Multiple | Varies | Poor |
| -5 | Multiple | Varies | Poor |
| +8 | Multiple | Varies | Intermediate-poor |
| 11q23 | MLL | Varies | Intermediate-poor |
| Miscellaneous | Multiple | Varies | Intermediate-poor |
| Multiple complex* | Multiple | Varies | Poor |
| * Refers to 3-5 different cytogenetic abnormalities, depending on the classification used. | |||
| Translocation | Genes Involved | All-Trans-Retinoic Acid Response |
| t(15;17)(q21;q11) | PML/RARa | Yes |
| t(11;17)(q23;q11) | PLZF/RARa | No |
| t(11;17)(q13;q11) | NuMA/RARa | Yes |
| t(5;17)(q31;q11) | NPM/RARa | Yes |
| t(17;17) | stat5b/RARa | Unknown |
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