Anemia: Multimedia

References

1. Servilla KS, Singh AK, Hunt WC, et al. Anemia management and association of race with mortality and hospitalization in a large not-for-profit dialysis organization. Am J Kidney Dis. Sep 2009;54(3):498-510. [Medline].

2. Adebisi OY, Strayhorn G. Anemia in pregnancy and race in the United States: blacks at risk. Fam Med. Oct 2005;37(9):655-62. [Medline].

3. Silva DG, Priore SE, Franceschini Sdo C. Risk factors for anemia in infants assisted by public health services: the importance of feeding practices and iron supplementation. J Pediatr (Rio J). Mar-Apr 2007;83(2):149-56. [Medline].

4. Oliveira MA, Osório MM, Raposo MC. Socioeconomic and dietary risk factors for anemia in children aged 6 to 59 months. J Pediatr (Rio J). Jan-Feb Epub 2007 Jan 12 2007;83(1):39-46. [Medline].

5. Stamatoyannopoulos G, Majerus PW, Perimutter RM. The Molecular Basis of Blood Diseases. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 2000.

6. Kuku I, Kaya E, Yologlu S, Gokdeniz R, Baydin A. Platelet counts in adults with iron deficiency anemia. Platelets. Aug 3 2009;1-5. [Medline].

7. Dhar R, Zazulia AR, Videen TO, et al. Red blood cell transfusion increases cerebral oxygen delivery in anemic patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. Sep 2009;40(9):3039-44. [Medline].

8. Beutler E, Lichtman MA, Coller BS. Williams Hematology. 6^th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2000.

9. Deal JA, Carlson MC, Xue QL, Fried LP, Chaves PH. Anemia and 9-year domain-specific cognitive decline in community-dwelling older women: The Women's Health and Aging Study II. J Am Geriatr Soc. Sep 2009;57(9):1604-11. [Medline].

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13. Lin JD, Lin PY, Lin LP, et al. Prevalence and associated risk factors of anemia in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Res Dev Disabil. Aug 28 2009;epub ahead of print. [Medline].

14. Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Noori-Shadkam M, Fatehi F, Naghiaee Y. Once weekly low-dose iron supplementation effectively improved iron status in adolescent girls. Biol Trace Elem Res. Aug 4 2009;epub ahead of print. [Medline].

Further Reading

Related eMedicine Topics

• Anemia, Acute [in the Emergency Medicine section]
• Anemia, Fanconi [in the Pediatrics: General Medicine section]
• Anemia, Sickle Cell [in the Emergency Medicine section]
• Anemia in Elderly Persons
• Anemia of Chronic Disease and Renal Failure
• Iron Deficiency Anemia
• Pernicious Anemia

Clinical Trials

• Improving the Results of Bone Marrow Transplantation for Patients With Severe Congenital Anemias
• Rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin Versus Campath-1H for Treating Severe Aplastic Anemia
• Research Study in Healthy Volunteers or Patients With Fanconi Anemia, Myeloproliferative Disorders, or Myeloma
• Rituximab to Treat Moderate Aplastic Anemia, Pure Red Cell Aplasia, or Diamond Blackfan Anemia
• Tissue Sample Collection From Patients With Fanconi Anemia

Clinical Guidelines

• Anemia in pregnancy. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists - Medical Specialty Society. 2008 Jul. 7 pages. NGC:006764
• (1) KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for anemia in chronic kidney disease. (2) 2007 update of hemoglobin target. National Kidney Foundation - Disease Specific Society. 1997 (updated 2006 May; addendum released 2007 Sep). Original guideline: 145 pages; addendum: 60 pages. NGC:006019
• Screening for iron deficiency anemia - including iron supplementation for children and pregnant women. United States Preventive Services Task Force - Independent Expert Panel. 1996 (revised 2006). 12 pages. NGC:004965
• (1) Transfusion guidelines for neonates and older children. (2) Amendments and corrections to the transfusion guidelines for neonates and older children. British Committee for Standards in Haematology - Professional Association. 2004 Feb (addendum released 2005 Dec). Original guideline: 21 pages; Addendum: 5 pages. NGC:006583
• Use of epoetin and darbepoetin in patients with cancer: 2007 American Society of Clinical Oncology/American Society of Hematology clinical practice guideline update. American Society of Clinical Oncology - Medical Specialty Society; American Society of Hematology - Medical Specialty Society. 2002 Apr 18 (revised 2008 Jan 1). 18 pages. NGC:006051

Keywords

anemia, red blood cell count, RBC, hemoglobin concentration, Hb, hematocrit, Hct, reticulocytes, erythrocytes, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, malaria, hookworm, chronic infections, iron deficiency, folic acid deficiency, mean corpuscular volume, MCV, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, MCHC, blood loss, increased RBC destruction, hemolysis,

decreased production of RBCs, heme iron, decrease in red blood cell, decrease in RBC mass, hereditary spherocytosis, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, G-6-PD deficiency, chronic hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia, calf cramps, hemoglobinopathies, sex-linked sideroblastic anemias, Fanconi syndrome, use of aspirin, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, use of NSAIDs, use of Coumadin,

gastrointestinal bleeding, tarry stools, neoplasms of colon, hemorrhoidal blood loss, pagophagia, cramps in the calves, sore tongue, cheilosis, steatorrhea, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, bleeding disorders, hypothyroidism, lupus erythematosus, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, macroglobulinemias, march hemoglobinuria, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, endocrinopathy, pallor, hepatomegaly

splenomegaly, bacterial endocarditis, enzyme abnormalities of the glycolytic pathways, hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, gram-negative sepsis, cytomegalovirus, infectious mononucleosis, hepatitis, collagen vascular diseases, neoplasia, hepatic disease, renal disease, malignancies, chronic diseases

megaloblastic anemia, aplastic anemia, frostbite, burns, trauma, hemorrhage, generalized malnutrition, folate deficiency, vitamin B-12 deficiency, Fanconi anemia, abetalipoproteinemia, hereditary xerocytosis, Rh null disease, congenital dyserythropoietic anemia

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Marcel E Conrad, MD, (Retired) Distinguished Professor of Medicine, University of South Alabama
Marcel E Conrad, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Blood Banks, American Chemical Society, American College of Physicians, American Physiological Society, American Society for Clinical Investigation, American Society of Hematology, Association of American Physicians, Association of Military Surgeons of the US, International Society of Hematology, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, and Southwest Oncology Group
Disclosure: No financial interests None None

Medical Editor

Jose A Perez Jr, MD, MSEd, MBA, Consulting Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Residency Director, Vice Chair of Education Department of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital, Houston; Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College
Jose A Perez Jr, MD, MSEd, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physician Executives, American College of Physicians, and Society of General Internal Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Ronald A Sacher, MB, BCh, MD, FRCPC, Professor, Internal Medicine and Pathology, Director, Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center
Ronald A Sacher, MB, BCh, MD, FRCPC is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Hematology
Disclosure: Glaxo Smith Kline Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Talecris Honoraria Board membership

CME Editor

Rajalaxmi McKenna, MD, FACP, Southwest Medical Consultants, SC, Department of Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital, Advocate Health Systems
Rajalaxmi McKenna, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology, and International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Emmanuel C Besa, MD, Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University
Emmanuel C Besa, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Education, American College of Clinical Pharmacology, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society of Hematology, and New York Academy of Sciences
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.