eMedicine Specialties > Hematology > Immune System and Disorders

Granulocytopenia: Multimedia

Author: Kush Sachdeva, MD, Southern Oncology and Hematology Associates, South Jersey Healthcare, Fox Chase Cancer Center Partner
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Apr 8, 2009

Multimedia

Bilateral interstitial infiltrates in a 31-year-o...Media file 1: Bilateral interstitial infiltrates in a 31-year-old patient with influenza pneumonia.
Bilateral interstitial infiltrates in a 31-year-o...

Bilateral interstitial infiltrates in a 31-year-old patient with influenza pneumonia.

Anteroposterior chest radiograph in a young ED pa...Media file 2: Anteroposterior chest radiograph in a young ED patient presenting with cough and malaise. The radiograph shows a classic posterior segment right upper lobe density consistent with active tuberculosis. This woman was admitted to isolation and started empirically on a 4-drug regimen in the ED. Tuberculosis was confirmed on sputum testing. Image courtesy of Remote Medicine, remotemedicine.org.
Anteroposterior chest radiograph in a young ED pa...

Anteroposterior chest radiograph in a young ED patient presenting with cough and malaise. The radiograph shows a classic posterior segment right upper lobe density consistent with active tuberculosis. This woman was admitted to isolation and started empirically on a 4-drug regimen in the ED. Tuberculosis was confirmed on sputum testing. Image courtesy of Remote Medicine, remotemedicine.org.

Lateral chest radiograph in the same patient as i...Media file 3: Lateral chest radiograph in the same patient as in Media file 1. Image courtesy of Remote Medicine, remotemedicine.org.
Lateral chest radiograph in the same patient as i...

Lateral chest radiograph in the same patient as in Media file 1. Image courtesy of Remote Medicine, remotemedicine.org.

Rapid test to distinguish hematuria from hemoglob...Media file 4: Rapid test to distinguish hematuria from hemoglobinuria. The onset of red urine during or shortly after a blood transfusion may represent hemoglobinuria (indicating an acute hemolytic reaction) or hematuria (indicating bleeding in the lower urinary tract). If freshly collected urine from a patient with hematuria is centrifuged, red blood cells settle at the bottom of the tube, leaving a clear yellow urine supernatant. If the red color is due to hemoglobinuria, the urine sample remains clear red after centrifugation.
Rapid test to distinguish hematuria from hemoglob...

Rapid test to distinguish hematuria from hemoglobinuria. The onset of red urine during or shortly after a blood transfusion may represent hemoglobinuria (indicating an acute hemolytic reaction) or hematuria (indicating bleeding in the lower urinary tract). If freshly collected urine from a patient with hematuria is centrifuged, red blood cells settle at the bottom of the tube, leaving a clear yellow urine supernatant. If the red color is due to hemoglobinuria, the urine sample remains clear red after centrifugation.

Microcytic anemia.Media file 5: Microcytic anemia.
Microcytic anemia.

Microcytic anemia.

Examination of the peripheral smears in immune th...Media file 6: Examination of the peripheral smears in immune thrombocytopenic purpura often shows giant platelets. These platelets reflect the increased megakaryocytic mass in the marrow.
Examination of the peripheral smears in immune th...

Examination of the peripheral smears in immune thrombocytopenic purpura often shows giant platelets. These platelets reflect the increased megakaryocytic mass in the marrow.

The margins of this massive spleen were palpated ...Media file 7: The margins of this massive spleen were palpated easily preoperatively. Medially, the 3.18-kg (7-lb) spleen crosses the midline. Inferiorly, it extends into the pelvis.
The margins of this massive spleen were palpated ...

The margins of this massive spleen were palpated easily preoperatively. Medially, the 3.18-kg (7-lb) spleen crosses the midline. Inferiorly, it extends into the pelvis.

Doppler sonogram at the splenic hilum reveals hep...Media file 8: Doppler sonogram at the splenic hilum reveals hepatofugal venous flow in a patient with portal hypertension.
Doppler sonogram at the splenic hilum reveals hep...

Doppler sonogram at the splenic hilum reveals hepatofugal venous flow in a patient with portal hypertension.

More on Granulocytopenia

Overview: Granulocytopenia
Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Granulocytopenia
Treatment & Medication: Granulocytopenia
Follow-up: Granulocytopenia
Multimedia: Granulocytopenia
References
Further Reading

References

  1. Beutler E, Lichtman MA, Coller BS, Kipps TJ, eds. Williams Hematology. 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1995:815-24, 844-58.

  2. Lee GR, Foerster J, Lukens J, et al, eds. Wintrobe's Hematology. 10th ed. Baltimore, Md: William and Wilkins; 1999:1836-88.

  3. Curnutte J, Coates T. Disorder of phagocyte function and number. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr, Shattil SJ, et al, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2000:720-62.

  4. Boxer LA. Immune neutropenias. Clinical and biological implications. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. Spring 1981;3(1):89-96. [Medline].

  5. Welte K, Dale D. Pathophysiology and treatment of severe chronic neutropenia. Ann Hematol. Apr 1996;72(4):158-65. [Medline].

  6. Young NS. Agranulocytosis. JAMA. Mar 23-30 1994;271(12):935-8. [Medline].

  7. Grann VR, Bowman N, Joseph C, et al. Neutropenia in 6 ethnic groups from the Caribbean and the U.S. Cancer. Aug 15 2008;113(4):854-60. [Medline].

  8. Hsieh MM, Everhart JE, Byrd-Holt DD, Tisdale JF, Rodgers GP. Prevalence of neutropenia in the U.S. population: age, sex, smoking status, and ethnic differences. Ann Intern Med. Apr 3 2007;146(7):486-92. [Medline][Full Text].

  9. Bodey GP. Managing infections in the immunocompromised patient. Clin Infect Dis. Apr 1 2005;40 suppl 4:S239. [Medline][Full Text].

  10. Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, et al. 2002 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis. Mar 15 2002;34(6):730-51. [Medline][Full Text].

  11. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN practice guidelines for fever and neutropenia. Oncology (Williston Park). May 1999;13(5A):197-257. [Medline].

  12. Schimpff SC. Empiric antibiotic therapy for granulocytopenic cancer patients. Am J Med. May 30 1986;80(5C):13-20. [Medline].

  13. Kern WV, Cometta A, De Bock R, et al, for The International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Oral versus intravenous empirical antimicrobial therapy for fever in patients with granulocytopenia who are receiving cancer chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. Jul 29 1999;341(5):312-8. [Medline][Full Text].

  14. Bow EJ, Mandell LA, Louie TJ, et al. Quinolone-based antibacterial chemoprophylaxis in neutropenic patients: effect of augmented gram-positive activity on infectious morbidity. National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Ann Intern Med. Aug 1 1996;125(3):183-90. [Medline][Full Text].

  15. Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, et al, for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with unexplained fever. Clin Infect Dis. Sep 1997;25(3):551-73. [Medline].

  16. Finberg RW, Talcott JA. Fever and neutropenia--how to use a new treatment strategy. N Engl J Med. Jul 29 1999;341(5):362-3. [Medline].

  17. Freifeld A, Marchigiani D, Walsh T, et al. A double-blind comparison of empirical oral and intravenous antibiotic therapy for low-risk febrile patients with neutropenia during cancer chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. Jul 29 1999;341(5):305-11. [Medline][Full Text].

  18. Alanis A, Rehm S, Weinstein AJ. Comparative efficacy and toxicity of moxalactam and the combination of nafcillin and tobramycin in febrile granulocytopenic patients. Cleve Clin Q. Winter 1983;50(4):385-95. [Medline].

  19. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Recommendations for the use of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors: evidence-based, clinical practice guidelines. J Clin Oncol. Nov 1994;12(11):2471-508. [Medline][Full Text].

  20. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Update of recommendations for the use of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors: evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. J Clin Oncol. Jun 1996;14(6):1957-60. [Medline].

  21. Bain BJ, Phillips D, Thomson K, Richardson D, Gabriel I. Investigation of the effect of marathon running on leucocyte counts of subjects of different ethnic origins: relevance to the aetiology of ethnic neutropenia. Br J Haematol. Mar 2000;108(3):483-7. [Medline][Full Text].

  22. Bass DA. Eosinophil behavior during host defense reactions. In: Gallin JI, Fauci AS, eds. Advances in Host Defense. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1982:211-42.

  23. Bass DA, Gonwa TA, Szejda P, et al. Eosinopenia of acute infection: Production of eosinopenia by chemotactic factors of acute inflammation. J Clin Invest. Jun 1980;65(6):1265-71. [Medline][Full Text].

  24. Bow EJ. Management of the febrile neutropenic cancer patient: lessons from 40 years of study. Clin Microbiol Infect. Oct 2005;11 suppl 5:24-9. [Medline].

  25. Elting LS, Rubenstein EB, Rolston KV, Bodey GP. Outcomes of bacteremia in patients with cancer and neutropenia: observations from two decades of epidemiological and clinical trials. Clin Infect Dis. Aug 1997;25(2):247-59. [Medline].

  26. Gurwith M, Brunton JL, Lank B, et al. Granulocytopenia in hospitalized patients. II. A prospective comparison of two antibiotic regimens in the empiric therapy of febrile patients. Am J Med. Jan 1978;64(1):127-32. [Medline].

  27. Maher DW, Lieschke GJ, Green M, et al. Filgrastim in patients with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. Oct 1 1994;121(7):492-501. [Medline][Full Text].

  28. Pizzo PA, Hathorn JW, Hiemenz J, et al. A randomized trial comparing ceftazidime alone with combination antibiotic therapy in cancer patients with fever and neutropenia. N Engl J Med. Aug 28 1986;315(9):552-8. [Medline].

  29. Shoenfeld Y, Ben-Tal O, Berliner S, Pinkhas J. The outcome of bacterial infection in subjects with benign familial leukopenia (BFL). Biomed Pharmacother. 1985;39(1):23-6. [Medline].

  30. Wright DG, Kenney RF, Oette DH, et al. Contrasting effects of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and granulocyte CSF treatment on the cycling of blood elements in childhood-onset cyclic neutropenia. Blood. Aug 15 1994;84(4):1257-67. [Medline][Full Text].

  31. [Best Evidence] Massey E, Paulus U, Doree C, Stanworth S. Granulocyte transfusions for preventing infections in patients with neutropenia or neutrophil dysfunction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Jan 21 2009;CD005341. [Medline][Full Text].

Keywords

granulocytopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, granulopenia, leukopenia, hypogranulocytosis, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, granulocytes, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, GCSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Kush Sachdeva, MD, Southern Oncology and Hematology Associates, South Jersey Healthcare, Fox Chase Cancer Center Partner
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Karen Seiter, MD, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology/Hematology, New York Medical College
Karen Seiter, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Physicians, and American Society of Hematology
Disclosure: Novartis Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Schering Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Cephalon Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Troy H Guthrie, Jr, MD, Director of Cancer Institute, Baptist Medical Center
Troy H Guthrie, Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Federation for Medical Research, American Medical Association, American Society of Hematology, Florida Medical Association, Medical Association of Georgia, and Southern Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Rajalaxmi McKenna, MD, FACP, Southwest Medical Consultants, SC, Department of Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital, Advocate Health Systems
Rajalaxmi McKenna, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology, and International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Emmanuel C Besa, MD, Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University
Emmanuel C Besa, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Education, American College of Clinical Pharmacology, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society of Hematology, and New York Academy of Sciences
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

 
 
HONcode

We subscribe to the
HONcode principles of the
Health On the Net Foundation

All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright© 1994- by Medscape.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.