Hospenthal DR. Agents of Mycetoma. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 2. 7th. Philadelphia, PA (U.S.A.): Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2010:3281-3285.
Rouphael NG, Talati NJ, Franco-Paredes C. A painful thorn in the foot: a case of eumycetoma. Am J Med Sci. Aug 2007;334(2):142-4. [Medline].
Bakshi R, Mathur DR. Incidence and changing pattern of mycetoma in western Rajasthan. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. Jan-Mar 2008;51(1):154-5. [Medline].
Ahmed AO, van Leeuwen W, Fahal A, et al. Mycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis: a neglected infectious burden. Lancet Infect Dis. Sep 2004;4(9):566-74. [Medline].
Abd El-Bagi ME, Fahal AH. Mycetoma revisited. Incidence of various radiographic signs. Saudi Med J. Apr 2009;30(4):529-33. [Medline].
Kumar J, Kumar A, Sethy P, et al. The dot-in-circle sign of mycetoma on MRI. Diagn Interv Radiol. Dec 2007;13(4):193-5. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Yousif BM, Fahal AH, Shakir MY. A new technique for the diagnosis of mycetoma using fixed blocks of aspirated material. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. Jan 2010;104(1):6-9. [Medline].
Hemalata M, Prasad S, Venkatesh K, Niveditha SR, Kumar SA. Cytological diagnosis of actinomycosis and eumycetoma: a report of two cases. Diagn Cytopathol. Dec 2010;38(12):918-20. [Medline].
Ahmed AA, van de Sande WW, Fahal A, et al. Management of mycetoma: major challenge in tropical mycoses with limited international recognition. Curr Opin Infect Dis. Apr 2007;20(2):146-51. [Medline].
Falkson C, Sur R, Pacella J. External beam radiotherapy: a treatment option for massive haemoptysis caused by mycetoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). Jun 2002;14(3):233-5. [Medline].
Damle DK, Mahajan PM, Pradhan SN, Belgaumkar VA, Gosavi AP, Tolat SN, et al. Modified Welsh regimen: a promising therapy for actinomycetoma. J Drugs Dermatol. Sep 2008;7(9):853-6. [Medline].
Baril L, Boiron P, Manceron V, et al. Refractory craniofacial actinomycetoma due to Streptomyces somaliensis that required salvage therapy with amikacin and imipenem. Clin Infect Dis. Aug 1999;29(2):460-1. [Medline].
Ramam M, Bhat R, Garg T, et al. A modified two-step treatment for actinomycetoma. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. Jul-Aug 2007;73(4):235-9. [Medline].
Fahal AH, Rahman IA, El-Hassan AM, Rahman ME, Zijlstra EE. The safety and efficacy of itraconazole for the treatment of patients with eumycetoma due to Madurella mycetomatis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. Mar 2011;105(3):127-32. [Medline].
van Belkum A, Fahal AH, van de Sande WW. In vitro susceptibility of Madurella mycetomatis to posaconazole and terbinafine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Apr 2011;55(4):1771-3. [Medline]. [Full Text].
van de Sande WW, Fahal AH, Bakker-Woudenberg IA, van Belkum A. Madurella mycetomatis is not susceptible to the echinocandin class of antifungal agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Jun 2010;54(6):2738-40. [Medline]. [Full Text].
de Klerk N, de Vogel C, Fahal A, van Belkum A, van de Sande WW. Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase and pyruvate kinase, two novel immunogens in Madurella mycetomatis. Med Mycol. Jul 5 2011;[Medline].
Abd El Bagi ME. New radiographic classification of bone involvement in pedal mycetoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Mar 2003;180(3):665-8. [Medline].
Akhtar MA, Latief PA. Actinomycetoma pedis. Postgrad Med J. Nov 1999;75(889):671. [Medline].
Bapat KC, Pandit AA. Actinomycotic mycetoma. Report of a case with diagnosis by fine needle aspiration. Acta Cytol. Nov-Dec 1991;35(6):770-2. [Medline].
Boiron P, Locci R, Goodfellow M, et al. Nocardia, nocardiosis and mycetoma. Med Mycol. 1998;36 Suppl 1:26-37. [Medline].
Bouza E, Munoz P. Invasive infections caused by Blastoschizomyces capitatus and Scedosporium spp. Clin Microbiol Infect. Mar 2004;10 Suppl 1:76-85. [Medline].
Campagnaro EL, Woodside KJ, Early MG, et al. Disseminated Pseudallescheria boydii (Scedosporium apiospermum) infection in a renal transplant patient. Transpl Infect Dis. Dec 2002;4(4):207-11. [Medline].
Chaveiro MA, Vieira R, Cardoso J, et al. Cutaneous infection due to Scedosporium apiospermum in an immunosuppressed patient. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. Jan 2003;17(1):47-9. [Medline].
Chávez G, Estrada R, Bonifaz A. Perianal actinomycetoma experience of 20 cases. Int J Dermatol. Aug 2002;41(8):491-3. [Medline].
Coukell AJ, Brogden RN. Liposomal amphotericin B. Therapeutic use in the management of fungal infections and visceral leishmaniasis. Drugs. Apr 1998;55(4):585-612. [Medline].
Develoux M, Dieng MT, Kane A, et al. [Management of mycetoma in West-Africa]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. Jan 2003;96(5):376-82. [Medline].
Dieng MT, Sy MH, Diop BM, et al. [Mycetoma: 130 cases]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. Jan 2003;130(1 Pt 1):16-9. [Medline].
EL Hag IA, Fahal AH, Gasim ET. Fine needle aspiration cytology of mycetoma. Acta Cytol. May-Jun 1996;40(3):461-4. [Medline].
Fahal AH. Mycetoma: a thorn in the flesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. Jan 2004;98(1):3-11. [Medline].
Fahal AH, Hassan MA. Mycetoma. Br J Surg. Nov 1992;79(11):1138-41. [Medline].
Fahal AH, Sheik HE, Homeida MM, et al. Ultrasonographic imaging of mycetoma. Br J Surg. Aug 1997;84(8):1120-2. [Medline].
Fletcher CL, Moore MK, Hay RJ. Eumycetoma due to Madurella mycetomatis acquired in Jamaica. Br J Dermatol. Dec 2001;145(6):1018-21. [Medline].
Greenberg AK, Knapp J, Rom WN, et al. Clinical presentation of pulmonary mycetoma in HIV-infected patients. Chest. Sep 2002;122(3):886-92. [Medline].
Hay RJ. Fungal infections. In: Cook GC, ed. Manson's Tropical Diseases. 20th ed. London, UK: WB Saunders; 1996:1047-74.
Hay RJ, Moore M. Mycology. In: Champion RH, Wilkinson DS, Ebling FJG, Breathnach SM, eds. Rook/Wilkinson/Ebling Textbook of Dermatology. Vol 2. 6th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science; 1998:1277-376.
Khatri ML, Al-Halali HM, Fouad Khalid M, et al. Mycetoma in Yemen: clinicoepidemiologic and histopathologic study. Int J Dermatol. Sep 2002;41(9):586-93. [Medline].
Lichon V, Khachemoune A. Mycetoma : a review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2006;7(5):315-21. [Medline].
Mahgoub ES. Medical management of mycetoma. Bull World Health Organ. 1976;54(3):303-10. [Medline].
Maiti PK, Ray A, Bandyopadhyay S. Epidemiological aspects of mycetoma from a retrospective study of 264 cases in West Bengal. Trop Med Int Health. Sep 2002;7(9):788-92. [Medline].
Mellinghoff IK, Winston DJ, Mukwaya G, et al. Treatment of Scedosporium apiospermum brain abscesses with posaconazole. Clin Infect Dis. Jun 15 2002;34(12):1648-50. [Medline].
Mendez-Tovar LJ, Mondragon-Gonzalez R, Manzano-Gayosso P, et al. [Immunoglobulins in patients with Nocardia brasiliensis actinomycetoma]. Rev Argent Microbiol. Oct-Dec 2004;36(4):174-8. [Medline].
O'Bryan TA. Pseudallescheriasis in the 21st century. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. Oct 2005;3(5):765-73. [Medline].
Poncio Mendes R, Negroni R, Bonifaz A, et al. New aspects of some endemic mycoses. Med Mycol. 2000;38 Suppl 1:237-41. [Medline].
Queiroz-Telles F, McGinnis MR, Salkin I, et al. Subcutaneous mycoses. Infect Dis Clin North Am. Mar 2003;17(1):59-85, viii. [Medline].
Ramam M, Garg T, D'Souza P, et al. A two-step schedule for the treatment of actinomycotic mycetomas. Acta Derm Venereol. Sep-Oct 2000;80(5):378-80. [Medline].
Saag MS. Mycetoma. In: Goldman L, Bennett JC, eds. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 2000:1885-7.
Saarinen KA, Lestringant GG, Czechowski J, et al. Cutaneous nocardiosis of the chest wall and pleura--10-year consequences of a hand actinomycetoma. Dermatology. 2001;202(2):131-3. [Medline].
Sharma N, Mendiratta V, Sharma RC, et al. Pulse therapy with amikacin and dapsone for the treatment of actinomycotic foot: a case report. J Dermatol. Oct 2003;30(10):742-7. [Medline].

