Cryptococcosis Differential Diagnoses

  • Author: John W King, MD; Chief Editor: Burke A Cunha, MD   more...
 
Updated: Aug 16, 2011
 
 

Differential Diagnoses

Proceed to Workup
 
 
Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

John W King, MD  Professor of Medicine, Chief, Section of Infectious Diseases, Director, Viral Therapeutics Clinics for Hepatitis, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; Consultant in Infectious Diseases, Overton Brooks Veterans Affairs Medical Center

John W King, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society for Microbiology, Association of Subspecialty Professors, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Sigma Xi

Disclosure: emedicine $50.00 Author of chapter; MERCK None Other

Coauthor(s)

Meredith L DeWitt, MD  Fellow, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center

Meredith L DeWitt, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Jeffrey D Band, MD  Professor of Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine; Director, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Corporate Epidemiologist, William Beaumont Hospital; Clinical Professor of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD  Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

John W King, MD  Professor of Medicine, Chief, Section of Infectious Diseases, Director, Viral Therapeutics Clinics for Hepatitis, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; Consultant in Infectious Diseases, Overton Brooks Veterans Affairs Medical Center

John W King, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society for Microbiology, Association of Subspecialty Professors, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Sigma Xi

Disclosure: emedicine $50.00 Author of chapter; MERCK None Other

Eleftherios Mylonakis, MD  Clinical and Research Fellow, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital

Eleftherios Mylonakis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Burke A Cunha, MD  Professor of Medicine, State University of New York School of Medicine at Stony Brook; Chief, Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop-University Hospital

Burke A Cunha, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

References

  1. Busse O. Ueber parasitare zelleninschlusse und ihre zuchtung. Zentralbl. Bakterial. 1894;16:175-80.

  2. Buschke A. Ueber eine durch Coccidien Hervergerufene Krankheit des menschen. Deutsche Med. Wochenschr. 1895;21 (3):14.

  3. Macdougall L, Fyfe M, Romney M, Starr M, Galanis E. Risk Factors for Cryptococcus gattii Infection, British Columbia, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. Feb 2011;17(2):193-9. [Medline].

  4. Rittershaus PC, Kechichian TB, Allegood JC, Merrill AH Jr, Hennig M, Luberto C. Glucosylceramide synthase is an essential regulator of pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans. J Clin Invest. Jun 2006;116(6):1651-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  5. Speed B, Dunt D. Clinical and host differences between infections with the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin Infect Dis. Jul 1995;21(1):28-34; discussion 35-6. [Medline].

  6. Lewis JL, Rabinovich S. The wide spectrum of cryptococcal infections. Am J Med. Sep 1972;53(3):315-22. [Medline].

  7. Sun HY, Alexander BD, Lortholary O, et al. Unrecognized pretransplant and donor-derived cryptococcal disease in organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. Nov 1 2010;51(9):1062-9. [Medline].

  8. Lindsley MD, Mekha N, Baggett HC, Surinthong Y, Autthateinchai R, Sawatwong P, et al. Evaluation of a newly developed lateral flow immunoassay for the diagnosis of cryptococcosis. Clin Infect Dis. Aug 2011;53(4):321-5. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  9. [Guideline] Kaplan JE, Masur H, Holmes KK. Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons--2002. Recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. Jun 14 2002;51:1-52. [Medline].

  10. [Guideline] Saag MS, Graybill RJ, Larsen RA, Pappas PG, Perfect JR, Powderly WG, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. Apr 2000;30(4):710-8. [Medline].

  11. Pappas PG, Perfect J, Larsen RA, et al. Cryptococcus in HIV-negative patients: analysis of 306 cases [abstract 101]. In: 36th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (Denver, CO). Alexandria, VA: Infectious Diseases Society of America; 1998.

  12. Lortholary O, Fontanet A, Mémain N, Martin A, Sitbon K, Dromer F. Incidence and risk factors of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome complicating HIV-associated cryptococcosis in France. AIDS. Jul 1 2005;19(10):1043-9. [Medline].

  13. Sungkanuparph S, Filler SG, Chetchotisakd P, Pappas PG, Nolen TL, Manosuthi W, et al. Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after antiretroviral therapy in AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis. Sep 15 2009;49(6):931-4. [Medline].

  14. Eriksson U, Seifert B, Schaffner A. Comparison of effects of amphotericin B deoxycholate infused over 4 or 24 hours: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. Mar 10 2001;322(7286):579-82. [Medline].

  15. Imhof A, Walter RB, Schaffner A. Continuous infusion of escalated doses of amphotericin B deoxycholate: an open-label observational study. Clin Infect Dis. Apr 15 2003;36(8):943-51. [Medline].

  16. Anderson DJ, Schmidt C, Goodman J, Pomeroy C. Cryptococcal disease presenting as cellulitis. Clin Infect Dis. Mar 1992;14(3):666-72. [Medline].

  17. Baddley JW, Perfect JR, Oster RA, Larsen RA, Pankey GA, Henderson H, et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients without HIV infection: factors associated with disseminated disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. Oct 2008;27(10):937-43. [Medline].

  18. Bassetti M, Repetto E, Mikulska M, Miglino M, Clavio M, Gobbi M, et al. Cryptococcus neoformans fatal sepsis in a chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient treated with alemtuzumab: case report and review of the literature. J Chemother. Apr 2009;21(2):211-4. [Medline].

  19. Benson CA, Kaplan JE, Masur H. Treating Opportunistic Infections Among HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents: Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America. [Full Text].

  20. Chuck SL, Sande MA. Infections with Cryptococcus neoformans in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. Sep 21 1989;321(12):794-9. [Medline].

  21. Dromer F, Bernede-Bauduin C, Guillemot D, Lortholary O. Major role for amphotericin B-flucytosine combination in severe cryptococcosis. PLoS One. Aug 6 2008;3(8):e2870. [Medline].

  22. Dykstra MA, Friedman L, Murphy JW. Capsule size of Cryptococcus neoformans: control and relationship to virulence. Infect Immun. Apr 1977;16(1):129-35. [Medline].

  23. Ellis DH, Pfeiffer TJ. Natural habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. J Clin Microbiol. Jul 1990;28(7):1642-4. [Medline].

  24. Eric Searls D, Sico JJ, Bulent Omay S, Bannykh S, Kuohung V, Baehring J. Unusual presentations of nervous system infection by Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. Sep 2009;111(7):638-42. [Medline].

  25. Friedman GD, Jeffrey Fessel W, Udaltsova NV, Hurley LB. Cryptococcosis: the 1981-2000 epidemic. Mycoses. Mar 2005;48(2):122-5. [Medline].

  26. Graybill JR, Sobel J, Saag M, et al. Diagnosis and management of increased intracranial pressure in patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis. The NIAID Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Cooperative Treatment Groups. Clin Infect Dis. Jan 2000;30(1):47-54. [Medline].

  27. Hayashi Y, Ito G, Takeyama S. [Clinical study on fluconazole (FLCZ) in the treatment of primary pulmonary cryptococcosis]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. Dec 1998;72(12):1261-8. [Medline].

  28. Hoban DJ, Zhanel GG, Karlowsky JA. In vitro susceptibilities of Candida and Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from blood cultures of neutropenic patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Jun 1999;43(6):1463-4. [Medline].

  29. Klepser ME, Wolfe EJ, Pfaller MA. Antifungal pharmacodynamic characteristics of fluconazole and amphotericin B against Cryptococcus neoformans. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1998;41(3):397-401. [Medline].

  30. Kralovic SM, Rhodes JC. Utility of routine testing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for cryptococcal antigen. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998;36(10):3088-9. [Medline].

  31. Levitz SM. The ecology of Cryptococcus neoformans and the epidemiology of cryptococcosis. Rev Infect Dis. Nov-Dec 1991;13(6):1163-9. [Medline].

  32. Ma AL, Fong NC, Leung CW. Cryptococcal meningitis in an immunocompetent adolescent. Ann Trop Paediatr. Sep 2008;28(3):231-4. [Medline].

  33. Mitchell AP. Cryptococcal virulence: beyond the usual suspects. J Clin Invest. Jun 2006;116(6):1481-3. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  34. Mitchell TG, Perfect JR. Cryptococcosis in the era of AIDS--100 years after the discovery of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin Microbiol Rev. Oct 1995;8(4):515-48. [Medline].

  35. Morris MI, Villmann M. Echinocandins in the management of invasive fungal infections, Part 2. Am J Health Syst Pharm. Oct 1 2006;63(19):1813-20. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  36. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health. Study Shows Promise of Fluconazole for Treatment of AIDS-Related Cryptococcal Meningitis. Available at: http://www.aegis.com/pubs/Cdc_Fact_Sheets/1993/CDC93043.html. Atlanta, Ga: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1992. [Full Text].

  37. Nielsen K, Cox GM, Wang P, et al. Sexual cycle of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and virulence of congenic a and alpha isolates. Infect Immun. Sep 2003;71(9):4831-41. [Medline].

  38. Orsini J, Nowakowski J, Delaney V, Sakoulas G, Wormser GP. Cryptococcal infection presenting as cellulitis in a renal transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis. Feb 2009;11(1):68-71. [Medline].

  39. Powderly WG, Saag MS, Cloud GA, et al. A controlled trial of fluconazole or amphotericin B to prevent relapse of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group and Mycoses Study Group. N Engl J Med. Mar 19 1992;326(12):793-8. [Medline].

  40. Robinson PA, Bauer M, Leal MA, et al. Early mycological treatment failure in AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1999;28(1):82-92. [Medline].

  41. [Guideline] Saag MS, Graybill RJ, Larsen RA, Pappas PG, Perfect JR, Powderly WG. Practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. Apr 2000;30(4):710-8. [Medline].

  42. Saag MS, Powderly WG, Cloud GA, et al. Comparison of amphotericin B with fluconazole in the treatment of acute AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. The NIAID Mycoses Study Group and the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med. Jan 9 1992;326(2):83-9. [Medline].

  43. Selik RM, Chu SY, Ward JW. Trends in infectious diseases and cancers among persons dying of HIV infection in the United States from 1987 to 1992. Ann Intern Med. Dec 15 1995;123(12):933-6. [Medline].

  44. [Guideline] Shoham S, Cover C, Donegan N, Fulnecky E, Kumar P. Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis at 2 hospitals in Washington, D.C.: adherence of health care providers to published practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease. Clin Infect Dis. Feb 1 2005;40(3):477-9. [Medline].

  45. Singh N, Alexander BD, Lortholary O, Dromer F, Gupta KL, John GT, et al. Cryptococcus neoformans in Organ Transplant recipients: Impact of Calcineurin-Inhibitor Agents on Mortality. Journal of Infectious Diseases. March/2007;195:756-764. [Medline].

  46. Sundstrom JB, Cherniak R. T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent mechanisms of tolerance to glucuronoxylomannan of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A. Infect Immun. Apr 1993;61(4):1340-5. [Medline].

  47. Torres HA, Prieto VG, Raad II, Kontoyiannis DP. Proven pulmonary cryptococcosis due to capsule-deficient Cryptococcus neoformans does not differ clinically from proven pulmonary cryptococcosis due to capsule-intact Cr. neoformans. Mycoses. Jan 2005;48(1):21-4. [Medline].

  48. van der Horst CM, Saag MS, Cloud GA, et al. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med. Jul 3 1997;337(1):15-21. [Medline].

  49. Voss A, de Pauw BE. High-dose fluconazole therapy in patients with severe fungal infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. Mar 1999;18(3):165-74. [Medline].

 
Previous
Next
 
 
 
 
All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright © 1994-2012 by WebMD LLC.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.