Enterobacter Infections Medication

  • Author: Susan L Fraser, MD; Chief Editor: Burke A Cunha, MD   more...
 
Updated: Jan 7, 2010
 

Medication Summary

The goals of pharmacotherapy are to eradicate the infection, to reduce morbidity, and to prevent complications.

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Antibiotics

Class Summary

The antimicrobials most indicated in Enterobacter infections include carbapenems, fourth-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and TMP-SMZ.

Carbapenems continue to have the best activity against E cloacae, E aerogenes, and other Enterobacter species.[33] They are not affected by ESBLs. Imipenem-cilastatin and meropenem are used most often. Ertapenem, approved more recently, is gaining clinical experience.[34] Doripenem, approved in the United States in 2007, appears to be as effective as the other carbapenems.

First-generation and second-generation cephalosporins are inactive against Enterobacter infections. Third-generation cephalosporins frequently show good in vitro activity against these organisms, but, as explained above, a significant risk of developing full resistance during therapy exists. Resistance develops much less frequently with fourth-generation cephalosporins because they are relatively stable to AmpC beta-lactamase but not (so far) to the less frequently encountered ESBLs (see Medical Care). Third-generation cephalosporins are not indicated for the treatment of severe Enterobacter infections, perhaps with the notable exception of uncomplicated infections.

Fluoroquinolones have good bactericidal activity against gram-negative bacilli; their bioavailability ranges from very good to excellent (with the exception of norfloxacin). Newer quinolones have increased their spectrum toward gram-positive organisms and, in some cases, toward anaerobes. Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin have the best activity against gram-negative bacilli and should generally be selected over the newer fluoroquinolones if clinically indicated.

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Polymyxin B

 

Binds to phospholipids, alters permeability, and damages bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.

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Levofloxacin (Levaquin)

 

In addition to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin is an alternative choice. It has the advantage of once daily dosing, whether administered IV or PO.

Used for pseudomonal infections and infections due to multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms.

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Doripenem (Doribax)

 

Carbapenem antibiotic. Doripenem is a new alternative choice. Has spectrum of activity similar to that of imipenem and meropenem (Fritsche, 2005; Mushtaq, 2004).

Elicits activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Indicated as a single agent for complicated intra-abdominal infections caused by susceptible strains of E coli, K pneumoniae, P aeruginosa, Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus constellatus, and Peptostreptococcus micros.

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Imipenem/cilastatin (Primaxin)

 

For treatment of multiple-organism infections in which other agents do not have wide-spectrum coverage or are contraindicated because of potential toxicity. DOC for severe Enterobacter infections, except for meningitis and other CNS infections because of some reports indicating higher seizure potential. Hydrolyzed by the renal dehydropeptidase-1. To overcome this urinary inactivation, cilastatin, an inhibitor of this renal enzyme, is administered in equal amounts.

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Meropenem (Merrem IV)

 

Alternative to imipenem for severe Enterobacter infections. Carbapenem of choice for meningitis and for patients at risk for seizures. Bactericidal broad-spectrum carbapenem antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis. Effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Not degraded by renal dehydropeptidase-1. Has slightly increased activity against gram-negative organisms and slightly decreased activity against staphylococci and streptococci compared to imipenem.

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Cefepime (Maxipime)

 

Fourth-generation cephalosporin with good gram-negative coverage. Similar to third-generation cephalosporins but has better gram-positive coverage.

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Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)

 

Fluoroquinolone with good activity against pseudomonads and most gram-negative organisms, but no activity against anaerobes. Inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis and, consequently, growth. Among fluoroquinolones, ciprofloxacin has the best activity against the gram-negative bacilli (including Enterobacter). IV and PO formulations available. Oral bioavailability is approximately 80%.

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Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Septra, Bactrim)

 

Inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting synthesis of dihydrofolic acid. Antibacterial activity of TMP-SMZ includes common urinary tract pathogens, except P aeruginosa. Susceptibility of Enterobacter generally good but varies among centers.

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Ertapenem (Invanz)

 

Bactericidal activity results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis and is mediated through ertapenem binding to penicillin-binding proteins. Stable against hydrolysis by various beta-lactamases, including penicillinases, cephalosporinases, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Hydrolyzed by metallo-beta-lactamases.

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Tigecycline (Tygacil)

 

This drug is FDA approved for complicated intra-abdominal or skin and soft-tissue infections. A glycylcycline antibiotic that is structurally similar to tetracycline antibiotics. Inhibits bacterial protein translation by binding to 30S ribosomal subunit and blocks entry of amino-acyl tRNA molecules in ribosome A site. Complicated intra-abdominal infections caused by C freundii, E cloacae, E coli, K oxytoca, K pneumoniae, E faecalis (vancomycin-susceptible isolates only), S aureus (methicillin-susceptible isolates only), S anginosus group (includes S anginosus, S intermedius, S constellatus), B fragilis, B thetaiotaomicron, B uniformis, B vulgatus, C perfringens, and P micros.

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Susan L Fraser, MD  Infectious Diseases Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center; Chairman, Infection Control Committee; Associate Professor of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Susan L Fraser, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Armed Forces Infectious Diseases Society, and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Michael Arnett, MD  Resident, Department of Medicine, Tripler Army Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Christian P Sinave, MD  Associate Professor, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Sherbrooke, Canada

Christian P Sinave, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society for Microbiology and Canadian Infectious Disease Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Maria D Mileno, MD  Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Alpert Medical School of Brown University

Maria D Mileno, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International Society of Travel Medicine, and Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD  Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Joseph F John Jr, MD, FACP, FIDSA, FSHEA  Clinical Professor of Medicine, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine; Associate Chief of Staff for Education, Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Eleftherios Mylonakis, MD  Clinical and Research Fellow, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital

Eleftherios Mylonakis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Burke A Cunha, MD  Professor of Medicine, State University of New York School of Medicine at Stony Brook; Chief, Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop-University Hospital

Burke A Cunha, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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