Norwalk Virus Differential Diagnoses

  • Author: Zartash Zafar Khan, MD; Chief Editor: Burke A Cunha, MD   more...
 
Updated: Jan 11, 2012
 
 

Differential Diagnoses

Proceed to Workup
 
 
Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Zartash Zafar Khan, MD  Infectious Disease Consultant

Zartash Zafar Khan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and International Society for Infectious Diseases

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Mark Martin Huycke, MD  Professor of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Chief, Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City

Mark Martin Huycke, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society for Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Todd S Wills  MD, Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Program Director, Infectious Disease Fellowship Program, University of South Florida College of Medicine

Todd S Wills is a member of the following medical societies: Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michelle A Jaworski  MD, Consulting Staff, Midland Orthopedic Associates

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Joseph Richard Masci, MD  Professor of Medicine, Professor of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; Director of Medicine, Elmhurst Hospital Center

Joseph Richard Masci, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, Association of Professors of Medicine, and Royal Society of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD  Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Richard B Brown, MD, FACP  Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baystate Medical Center; Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine

Richard B Brown, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Massachusetts Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Eleftherios Mylonakis, MD  Clinical and Research Fellow, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital

Eleftherios Mylonakis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Burke A Cunha, MD  Professor of Medicine, State University of New York School of Medicine at Stony Brook; Chief, Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop-University Hospital

Burke A Cunha, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

References

  1. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.012.0.03.htm [database online]. http://www.ictvonline.org/index.asp: 2002.

  2. Shoemaker GK, van Duijn E, Crawford SE, Uetrecht C, Baclayon M, Roos WH, et al. Norwalk virus assembly and stability monitored by mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics. Aug 2010;9(8):1742-51. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  3. Jiang X, Wang M, Wang K, Estes MK. Sequence and genomic organization of Norwalk virus. Virology. Jul 1993;195(1):51-61. [Medline].

  4. Ando T, Noel JS, Fankhauser RL. Genetic classification of "Norwalk-like viruses.. J Infect Dis. May 2000;181 Suppl 2:S336-48. [Medline].

  5. Zheng DP, Ando T, Fankhauser RL, Beard RS, Glass RI, Monroe SS. Norovirus classification and proposed strain nomenclature. Virology. Mar 15 2006;346(2):312-23. [Medline].

  6. Donaldson EF, Lindesmith LC, Lobue AD, Baric RS. Norovirus pathogenesis: mechanisms of persistence and immune evasion in human populations. Immunol Rev. Oct 2008;225:190-211. [Medline].

  7. Huang P, Farkas T, Marionneau S, Zhong W, Ruvoën-Clouet N, Morrow AL, et al. Noroviruses bind to human ABO, Lewis, and secretor histo-blood group antigens: identification of 4 distinct strain-specific patterns. J Infect Dis. Jul 1 2003;188(1):19-31. [Medline].

  8. Schreiber DS, Blacklow NR, Trier JS. The mucosal lesion of the proximal small intestine in acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med. Jun 21 1973;288(25):1318-23. [Medline].

  9. Troeger H, Loddenkemper C, Schneider T, Schreier E, Epple HJ, Zeitz M, et al. Structural and functional changes of the duodenum in human norovirus infection. Gut. Aug 2009;58(8):1070-7. [Medline].

  10. Acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis: etiology and pathogenesis. Ann Intern Med. Jun 1972;76(6):993-1008. [Medline].

  11. Widerlite L, Trier JS, Blacklow NR, Schreiber DS. Structure of the gastric mucosa in acute infectious bacterial gastroenteritis. Gastroenterology. Mar 1975;68(3):425-30. [Medline].

  12. Atmar RL, Estes MK. The epidemiologic and clinical importance of norovirus infection. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. Jun 2006;35(2):275-90, viii. [Medline].

  13. Norovirus and Salmonella were Leading Causes of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks in 2006. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/2009/r090611.htm.

  14. Mounts AW, Ando T, Koopmans M, Bresee JS, Noel J, Glass RI. Cold weather seasonality of gastroenteritis associated with Norwalk-like viruses. J Infect Dis. May 2000;181 Suppl 2:S284-7. [Medline].

  15. Parker SP, Cubitt WD, Jiang XJ, Estes MK. Seroprevalence studies using a recombinant Norwalk virus protein enzyme immunoassay. J Med Virol. Feb 1994;42(2):146-50. [Medline].

  16. Rockx B, De Wit M, Vennema H, Vinjé J, De Bruin E, Van Duynhoven Y, et al. Natural history of human calicivirus infection: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. Aug 1 2002;35(3):246-53. [Medline].

  17. Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM. Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea. Am J Med. Jun 28 1985;78(6B):91-8. [Medline].

  18. Tian P, Mandrell R. Detection of norovirus capsid proteins in faecal and food samples by a real time immuno-PCR method. J Appl Microbiol. Mar 2006;100(3):564-74. [Medline].

  19. Brinker JP, Blacklow NR, Jiang X, Estes MK, Moe CL, Herrmann JE. Immunoglobulin M antibody test to detect genogroup II Norwalk-like virus infection. J Clin Microbiol. Sep 1999;37(9):2983-6. [Medline].

  20. Boxman I, Dijkman R, Verhoef L, Maat A, van Dijk G, Vennema H, et al. Norovirus on swabs taken from hands illustrate route of transmission: a case study. J Food Prot. Aug 2009;72(8):1753-5. [Medline].

  21. Cheng VC, Tai JW, Ho YY, Chan JF. Successful control of norovirus outbreak in an infirmary with the use of alcohol-based hand rub. J Hosp Infect. Aug 2009;72(4):370-1. [Medline].

  22. Liu P, Yuen Y, Hsiao HM, Jaykus LA, Moe C. Effectiveness of liquid soap and hand sanitizer against Norwalk virus on contaminated hands. Appl Environ Microbiol. Jan 2010;76(2):394-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  23. Mattner F, Sohr D, Heim A, Gastmeier P, Vennema H, Koopmans M. Risk groups for clinical complications of norovirus infections: an outbreak investigation. Clin Microbiol Infect. Jan 2006;12(1):69-74. [Medline].

  24. Ito S, Takeshita S, Nezu A, Aihara Y, Usuku S, Noguchi Y, et al. Norovirus-associated encephalopathy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Jul 2006;25(7):651-2. [Medline].

  25. Sugimoto T, Ogawa N, Aoyama M, Sakaguchi M, Isshiki K, Kanasaki M, et al. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome complicated with norovirus-associated gastroenteritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. Jul 2007;22(7):2098-9. [Medline].

  26. Blacklow NR, Greenberg HB. Viral gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med. Jul 25 1991;325(4):252-64. [Medline].

  27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Multisite outbreak of norovirus associated with a franchise restaurant--Kent County, Michigan, May 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Apr 14 2006;55(14):395-7. [Medline].

  28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Norovirus outbreak among evacuees from hurricane Katrina--Houston, Texas, September 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Oct 14 2005;54(40):1016-8. [Medline].

  29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with noroviruses on cruise ships--United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Dec 13 2002;51(49):1112-5. [Medline].

  30. [Guideline] DuPont HL. Guidelines on acute infectious diarrhea in adults. The Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol. Nov 1997;92(11):1962-75. [Medline].

  31. Graham DY, Jiang X, Tanaka T. Norwalk virus infection of volunteers: new insights based on improved assays. J Infect Dis. Jul 1994;170(1):34-43. [Medline].

  32. Greenberg HB, Valdesuso J, Yolken RH. Role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J Infect Dis. May 1979;139(5):564-8. [Medline].

  33. Jiang X, Wang M, Graham DY. Expression, self-assembly, and antigenicity of the Norwalk virus capsid protein. J Virol. Nov 1992;66(11):6527-32. [Medline].

  34. Jääskeläinen AJ, Maunula L. Applicability of microarray technique for the detection of noro- and astroviruses. J Virol Methods. Sep 2006;136(1-2):210-6. [Medline].

  35. Kaplan JE, Gary GW, Baron RC. Epidemiology of Norwalk gastroenteritis and the role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Ann Intern Med. Jun 1982;96(6 Pt 1):756-61. [Medline].

  36. Moe CL, Gentsch J, Ando T. Application of PCR to detect Norwalk virus in fecal specimens from outbreaks of gastroenteritis. J Clin Microbiol. Mar 1994;32(3):642-8. [Medline].

 
Previous
Next
 
Hematoxylin and eosin stain of duodenal epithelium.
The norovirus genomic structure and capsid domains.
 
 
 
All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright © 1994-2012 by WebMD LLC.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.