eMedicine Specialties > Infectious Diseases > HEENT Infections
Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis: Multimedia
Updated: Feb 11, 2009
Multimedia
![]() | Media file 2: A cotton blue preparation of Rhizopus species. |
![]() | Media file 3: A tissue hematoxylin and eosin stain of Rhizopus species. |
![]() | Media file 4: The appearance of a culture slant of Rhizopus species. |
![]() | Media file 5: Culture plates of Rhizopus species. |
![]() | Media file 6: Low-power photomicrograph of a Gomori methenamine silver stain of Rhizopus species. |
![]() | Media file 7: High-power photomicrograph of a Gomori methenamine silver stain of Rhizopus species. |
![]() | Media file 8: CT brain scan illustrating the appearance of cavernous sinus thrombosis. |
![]() | Media file 9: CT brain scan showing the appearance of a cerebral infarct. |
More on Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis |
| Overview: Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis |
| Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis |
| Treatment & Medication: Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis |
| Follow-up: Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis |
Multimedia: Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis |
| References |
| « Previous Page |
References
McLean FM, Ginsberg LE, Stanton CA. Perineural spread of rhinocerebral mucormycosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. Jan 1996;17(1):114-6. [Medline].
Margo CE, Linden C, Strickland-Marmol LB, Denietolis AL, McCaffrey JC, Kirk N. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis with perineural spread. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. Jul-Aug 2007;23(4):326-7. [Medline].
Anaissie EJ, Shikhani AH. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis with internal carotid occlusion: report of two cases and review of the literature. Laryngoscope. Sep 1985;95(9 Pt 1):1107-13. [Medline].
Delbrouck C, Jacobs F, Fernandez Aguilar S. Carotid artery occlusion due to fulminant rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 2004;58(2):135-40. [Medline].
Shah PD, Peters KR, Reuman PD. Recovery from rhinocerebral mucormycosis with carotid artery occlusion: a pediatric case and review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Jan 1997;16(1):68-71. [Medline].
Balch K, Phillips PH, Newman NJ. Painless orbital apex syndrome from mucormycosis. J Neuroophthalmol. Sep 1997;17(3):178-82. [Medline].
Sheth SM, Talwalkar NC, Desai AP. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis in a case of renal failure. J Postgrad Med. Jul 1981;27(3):190b-193. [Medline].
Stern LE, Kagan RJ. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis in patients with burns: case report and review of the literature. J Burn Care Rehabil. Jul-0Aug 1999;20(4):303-6. [Medline].
Webb M, Dowdy L, Bundschu C. Cerebral mucormycosis after liver transplantation: a case report. Clin Transplant. Dec 1998;12(6):596-9. [Medline].
Apaydin S, Ataman R, Cansiz H. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis in a kidney transplant recipient. Nephron. 1998;79(1):117-8. [Medline].
Maertens J, Demuynck H, Verbeken EK. Mucormycosis in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients: report of five cases and review of the role of iron overload in the pathogenesis. Bone Marrow Transplant. Aug 1999;24(3):307-12. [Medline].
Penalver FJ, Romero R, Fores R. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis following donor leukocyte infusion: successful treatment with liposomal amphotericin B and surgical debridement. Bone Marrow Transplant. Oct 1998;22(8):817-8. [Medline].
Ferguson AD. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis acquired after a short course of prednisone therapy. J Am Osteopath Assoc. Nov 2007;107(11):491-3. [Medline].
Salinas-Lara C, Rembao-Bojórquez D, de la Cruz E, Márquez C, Portocarrero L, Tena-Suck ML. Pituitary apoplexy due to mucormycosis infection in a patient with an ACTH producing pulmonary tumor. J Clin Neurosci. Jan 2008;15(1):67-70. [Medline].
Bengel D, Susa M, Schreiber H, Ludolph AC, Tumani H. Early diagnosis of rhinocerebral mucormycosis by cerebrospinal fluid analysis and determination of 16s rRNA gene sequence. Eur J Neurol. Sep 2007;14(9):1067-70. [Medline].
Deshpande AH, Munshi MM. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis diagnosis by aspiration cytology. Diagn Cytopathol. Aug 2000;23(2):97-100. [Medline].
Nair M, Kapila K, Verma K. Fine-needle aspiration: another diagnostic modality for rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Diagn Cytopathol. Oct 1999;21(4):300-1. [Medline].
Garner D, Machin K. Investigation and management of an outbreak of mucormycosis in a paediatric oncology unit. J Hosp Infect. Sep 2008;70(1):53-9. [Medline].
Gonzalez CE, Couriel DR, Walsh TJ. Disseminated zygomycosis in a neutropenic patient: successful treatment with amphotericin B lipid complex and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Clin Infect Dis. Feb 1997;24(2):192-6. [Medline].
Avet PP, Kline LB, Sillers MJ. Endoscopic sinus surgery in the management of mucormycosis. J Neuroophthalmol. Mar 1999;19(1):56-61. [Medline].
Adler DE, Milhorat TH, Miller JI. Treatment of rhinocerebral mucormycosis with intravenous interstitial, and cerebrospinal fluid administration of amphotericin B: case report. Neurosurgery. Mar 1998;42(3):644-8; discussion 648-9. [Medline].
Dhiman R, Arora V, Kotwal N. Rehabilitation of a rhinocerebral mucormycosis patient. J Indian Prostheodont Soc. 2007;7:88-91.
Bullock JD, Warwar RE. Three patients with presumed rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis. J Neuroophthalmol. Jun 1999;19(2):120-1. [Medline].
Abedi E, Sismanis A, Choi K, Pastore P. Twenty-five years' experience treating cerebro-rhino-orbital mucormycosis. Laryngoscope. Aug 1984;94(8):1060-2. [Medline].
Akoz T, Civelek B, Akan M. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: report of two cases. Ann Plast Surg. Sep 1999;43(3):309-12. [Medline].
Bakr A, Wafa E, Fouda A, Elagroudy A, Gheith O, Sobh M, et al. Successful treatment of mucormycosis in a renal allograft recipient. Clin Exp Nephrol. Jun 2008;12(3):207-10. [Medline].
Bhargava P. Survival in rhinocerebral mucormycosis: Is iron the key?. Neurol India. Oct-Dec 2007;55(4):416. [Medline].
Blitzer A, Lawson W, Meyers BR. Patient survival factors in paranasal sinus mucormycosis. Laryngoscope. Apr 1980;90(4):635-48. [Medline].
Bongiovanni M, Ranieri R, Ferrari D, Codecà C, Tartaro T, Uziel L. Prolonged survival of an HIV-infected subject with severe lymphoproliferative disease and rhinocerebral mucormycosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. Jul 2007;60(1):192-3. [Medline].
Brown SR, Shah IA, Grinstead M. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis caused by Apophysomyces elegans. Am J Rhinol. Jul-Aug 1998;12(4):289-92. [Medline].
Cagatay AA, Oncü SS, Calangu SS, Yildirmak TT, Ozsüt HH, Eraksoy HH. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis treated with 32 gram liposomal amphotericin B and incomplete surgery: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2001;1:22. [Medline].
Damante JH, Fleury RN. Oral and rhinoorbital mucormycosis: case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. Feb 1998;56(2):267-71. [Medline].
Dhiwakar M, Thakar A, Bahadur S. Improving outcomes in rhinocerebral mucormycosis--early diagnostic pointers and prognostic factors. J Laryngol Otol. Nov 2003;117(11):861-5. [Medline].
Dismukes WE. Introduction to antifungal drugs. Clin Infect Dis. Apr 2000;30(4):653-7. [Medline].
Ericsson M, Anniko M, Gustafsson H. A case of chronic progressive rhinocerebral mucormycosis treated with liposomal amphotericin B and surgery. Clin Infect Dis. Apr 1993;16(4):585-6. [Medline].
Feeley MA, Righi PD, Davis TE. Mucormycosis of the paranasal sinuses and septum. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. May 1999;120(5):750. [Medline].
Funada H, Miyake Y, Kanamori K, Okafuji K, Machi T, Matsuda T. Fluconazole therapy for pulmonary mucormycosis complicating acute leukemia. Jpn J Med. Mar-Apr 1989;28(2):228-31. [Medline].
Gaviria JM, Grohskopf LA, Barnes R. Successful treatment of rhinocerebral zygomycosis: a combined-strategy approach. Clin Infect Dis. Jan 1999;28(1):160-1. [Medline].
Gonis G, Starr M. Fatal rhinoorbital mucormycosis caused by Saksenaea vasiformis in an immunocompromised child. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Jul 1997;16(7):714-6. [Medline].
Hopkins MA, Treloar DM. Mucormycosis in diabetes. Am J Crit Care. Sep 1997;6(5):363-7. [Medline].
Kameh DS, Gonzalez OR, Pearl GS. Fatal rhino-orbital-cerebral zygomycosis. South Med J. Nov 1997;90(11):1133-5. [Medline].
Koçak R, Tetiker T, Koçak M, Baslamisli F, Zorludemir S, Gönlüsen G. Fluconazole in the treatment of three cases of mucormycosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. Jun 1995;14(6):559-61. [Medline].
Langford JD, McCartney DL, Wang RC. Frozen section--guided surgical debridement for management of rhino- orbital mucormycosis. Am J Ophthalmol. Aug 1997;124(2):265-7. [Medline].
Lee EJ, Lee MY, Hung YC. Orbital rhinocerebral mucormycosis associated with diabetic ketoacidosis: report of survival of a 10-year-old boy. J Formos Med Assoc. Oct 1998;97(10):720-3. [Medline].
Lehrer RI, Howard DH, Sypherd PS. Lehrer, RI, moderator. Mucormycosis. Ann Intern Med. Jul 1980;93(1):93-108. [Medline].
McNab AA, McKelvie P. Iron overload is a risk factor for zygomycosis. Arch Ophthalmol. Jul 1997;115(7):919-21. [Medline].
McNulty JS. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: predisposing factors. Laryngoscope. Oct 1982;92(10 Pt 1):1140-3. [Medline].
Mohindra S, Mohindra S, Gupta R, Bakshi J, Gupta SK. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: the disease spectrum in 27 patients. Mycoses. Jul 2007;50(4):290-6. [Medline].
Moses AE, Rahav G, Barenholz Y. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis treated with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in three patients. Clin Infect Dis. Jun 1998;26(6):1430-3. [Medline].
Nenoff P, Kellermann S, Schober R. Rhinocerebral zygomycosis following bone marrow transplantation in chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Report of a case and review of the literature. Mycoses. Nov 1998;41(9-10):365-72. [Medline].
Ochi JW, Harris JP, Feldman JI. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: results of aggressive surgical debridement and amphotericin B. Laryngoscope. Dec 1988;98(12):1339-42. [Medline].
Odessey E, Cohn A, Beaman K, Schechter L. Invasive mucormycosis of the maxillary sinus: extensive destruction with an indolent presentation. Surg Infect (Larchmt). Feb 2008;9(1):91-8. [Medline].
Pagano L, Ricci P, Tonso A, Nosari A, Cudillo L, Montillo M, et al. Mucormycosis in patients with haematological malignancies: a retrospective clinical study of 37 cases. GIMEMA Infection Program (Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche Maligne dell'Adulto). Br J Haematol. Nov 1997;99(2):331-6. [Medline].
Peterson KL, Wang M, Canalis RF. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: evolution of the disease and treatment options. Laryngoscope. Jul 1997;107(7):855-62. [Medline].
Radner AB, Witt MD, Edwards JE Jr. Acute invasive rhinocerebral zygomycosis in an otherwise healthy patient: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis. Jan 1995;20(1):163-6. [Medline].
Reed C, Ibrahim A, Edwards JE Jr, Walot I, Spellberg B. Deferasirox, an iron-chelating agent, as salvage therapy for rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Nov 2006;50(11):3968-9. [Medline].
Rinaldi MG. Zygomycosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. Mar 1989;3(1):19-41. [Medline].
Saltoglu N, Tasova Y, Zorludemir S. Rhinocerebral zygomycosis treated with liposomal amphotericin B and surgery. Mycoses. Jan-Feb 1998;41(1-2):45-9. [Medline].
Schmidt JM, Poublon RM. Rhinocerebral mycosis in immunocompromised patients. A case report and review of the literature. Rhinology. Jun 1998;36(2):90-3. [Medline].
Scully RE, Mark EJ, McNeely WF. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 22-1999. A 68-year-old woman with multiple myeloma, diabetes mellitus, and an inflamed eye. N Engl J Med. Jul 22 1999;341(4):265-73. [Medline].
Seiff SR, Choo PH, Carter SR. Role of local amphotericin B therapy for sino-orbital fungal infections. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. Jan 1999;15(1):28-31. [Medline].
Selcen D, Seçmeer G, Aysun S, Kanra G, Onerci M, Gököz A. Mucormycosis in a diabetic child and its treatment with fluconazole: a case report. Turk J Pediatr. Apr-Jun 1995;37(2):165-8. [Medline].
Shetty S, Kini U, Joy R. Isolated lingual mucormycosis in an infant with Down syndrome. Ear Nose Throat J. Jan 2008;87(1):34-5, 43. [Medline].
Shpitzer T, Keller N, Wolf M. Seasonal variations in rhino-cerebral Mucor infection. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. Sep 2005;114(9):695-8. [Medline].
Simmons JH, Zeitler PS, Fenton LZ, Abzug MJ, Fiallo-Scharer RV, Klingensmith GJ. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis complicated by internal carotid artery thrombosis in a pediatric patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Diabetes. Dec 2005;6(4):234-8. [Medline].
Strasser MD, Kennedy RJ, Adam RD. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Therapy with amphotericin B lipid complex [see comments]. Arch Intern Med. Feb 12 1996;156(3):337-9. [Medline].
Uçkay I, Chalandon Y, Sartoretti P, Rohner P, Berney T, Hadaya K, et al. Invasive zygomycosis in transplant recipients. Clin Transplant. Jul-Aug 2007;21(4):577-82. [Medline].
Weprin BE, Hall WA, Goodman J. Long-term survival in rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Case report. J Neurosurg. Mar 1998;88(3):570-5. [Medline].
Further Reading
Keywords
rhinocerebral mucormycosis, RCM, phycomycosis, zygomycosis, rhinoorbital mucormycosis, rhino-orbital mucormycosis, Mucorales, Rhizopus, Absidia, Mucor, Rhizomucor, Saksenaea, Apophysomyces


















Multimedia: Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis