Staphylococcal Infections: Multimedia

References

1. Voyich JM, Otto M, Mathema B, et al. Is Panton-Valentine leukocidin the major virulence determinant in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease?. J Infect Dis. Dec 15 2006;194(12):1761-70. [Medline].

2. McClelland RS, Fowler VG Jr, Sanders LL, et al. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia among elderly vs younger adult patients: comparison of clinical features and mortality. Arch Intern Med. Jun 14 1999;159(11):1244-7. [Medline].

3. Kravitz GR, Dries DJ, Peterson ML, et al. Purpura fulminans due to Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. Apr 1 2005;40(7):941-7. [Medline].

4. Robicsek A, Beaumont JL, Paule SM, et al. Universal surveillance for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 3 affiliated hospitals. Ann Intern Med. Mar 18 2008;148(6):409-18. [Medline].

5. Bischoff WE, Wallis ML, Tucker BK, et al. "Gesundheit!" sneezing, common colds, allergies, and Staphylococcus aureus dispersion. J Infect Dis. Oct 15 2006;194(8):1119-26. [Medline].

6. Diep BA, Chambers HF, Graber CJ, et al. Emergence of multidrug-resistant, community-associated, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone USA300 in men who have sex with men. Ann Intern Med. Feb 19 2008;148(4):249-57. [Medline].

7. Sing A, Tuschak C, Hörmansdorfer S. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a family and its pet cat. N Engl J Med. Mar 13 2008;358(11):1200-1. [Medline].

8. Mermel LA, Farr BM, Sherertz RJ, et al. Guidelines for the management of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis. May 1 2001;32(9):1249-72. [Medline].

9. Simor AE, Phillips E, McGeer A, et al. Randomized controlled trial of chlorhexidine gluconate for washing, intranasal mupirocin, and rifampin and doxycycline versus no treatment for the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Clin Infect Dis. Jan 15 2007;44(2):178-85. [Medline].

10. Proctor RA. Role of folate antagonists in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis. Feb 15, 2008;46(4):584-93. [Medline].

11. Hidayat LK, Hsu DI, Quist R, et al. High-dose vancomycin therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: efficacy and toxicity. Arch Intern Med. Oct 23 2006;166(19):2138-44. [Medline].

12. Archer GL. Staphylococcus aureus: a well-armed pathogen. Clin Infect Dis. May 1998;26(5):1179-81. [Medline].

13. Baggett HC, Hennessy TW, Rudolph K, et al. Community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus associated with antibiotic use and the cytotoxin Panton-Valentine leukocidin during a furunculosis outbreak in rural Alaska. J Infect Dis. May 1 2004;189(9):1565-73. [Medline].

14. Begier EM, Frenette K, Barrett NL, et al. A high-morbidity outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among players on a college football team, facilitated by cosmetic body shaving and turf burns. Clin Infect Dis. Nov 15 2004;39(10):1446-53. [Medline].

15. Campbell KM, Vaughn AF, Russell KL, et al. Risk factors for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in an outbreak of disease among military trainees in San Diego, California, in 2002. J Clin Microbiol. Sep 2004;42(9):4050-3. [Medline].

16. Chang FY, MacDonald BB, Peacock JE, et al. A prospective multicenter study of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: incidence of endocarditis, risk factors for mortality, and clinical impact of methicillin resistance. Medicine (Baltimore). Sep 2003;82(5):322-32. [Medline].

17. Charlebois ED, Perdreau-Remington F, Kreiswirth B, et al. Origins of community strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. Jul 1 2004;39(1):47-54. [Medline].

18. Cosgrove SE, Sakoulas G, Perencevich EN, et al. Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. Jan 1 2003;36(1):53-9. [Medline].

19. Cunha BA. Antimicrobial therapy of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Med Clin North Am. Nov 2006;90(6):1165-82. [Medline].

20. Cunha BA. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: clinical manifestations and antimicrobial therapy. Clin Microbiol Infect. Jul 2005;11 Suppl 4:33-42. [Medline].

21. Cunha BA. Oral antibiotic therapy of serious systemic infections. Med Clin North Am. Nov 2006;90(6):1197-222. [Medline].

22. Cunha BA. Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia: Clinical aspects. Infect Dis Pract. 2007;31:557-60.

23. Czachor J, Herchline T. Bacteremic nonmenstrual staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome associated with enterotoxins A and C. Clin Infect Dis. Feb 1 2001;32(3):E53-6. [Medline].

24. Daum RS, Ito T, Hiramatsu K, et al. A novel methicillin-resistance cassette in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates of diverse genetic backgrounds. J Infect Dis. Nov 1 2002;186(9):1344-7. [Medline].

25. Deresinski S. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an evolutionary, epidemiologic, and therapeutic odyssey. Clin Infect Dis. Feb 15 2005;40(4):562-73. [Medline].

26. Fowler VG Jr, Sanders LL, Kong LK, et al. Infective endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus: 59 prospectively identified cases with follow-up. Clin Infect Dis. Jan 1999;28(1):106-14. [Medline].

27. Fowler VG Jr, Sanders LL, Sexton DJ, et al. Outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia according to compliance with recommendations of infectious diseases specialists: experience with 244 patients. Clin Infect Dis. Sep 1998;27(3):478-86. [Medline].

28. Francis JS, Doherty MC, Lopatin U, et al. Severe community-onset pneumonia in healthy adults caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes. Clin Infect Dis. Jan 1 2005;40(1):100-7. [Medline].

29. Fridkin SK, Hageman JC, Morrison M, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in three communities. N Engl J Med. Apr 7 2005;352(14):1436-44. [Medline].

30. Grundmann H, Aires-de-Sousa M, Boyce J, Tiemersma E. Emergence and resurgence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a public-health threat. Lancet. Sep 2 2006;368(9538):874-85. [Medline].

31. Harbarth S, Liassine N, Dharan S, et al. Risk factors for persistent carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. Dec 2000;31(6):1380-5. [Medline].

32. Herchline TE, Ayers LW. Occurrence of Staphylococcus lugdunensis in consecutive clinical cultures and relationship of isolation to infection. J Clin Microbiol. Mar 1991;29(3):419-21. [Medline].

33. Herchline TE, Barnishan J, Ayers LW, et al. Penicillinase production and in vitro susceptibilities of Staphylococcus lugdunensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Dec 1990;34(12):2434-5. [Medline].

34. Jensen AG, Wachmann CH, Espersen F, et al. Treatment and outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a prospective study of 278 cases. Arch Intern Med. Jan 14 2002;162(1):25-32. [Medline].

35. Kazakova SV, Hageman JC, Matava M, et al. A clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among professional football players. N Engl J Med. Feb 3 2005;352(5):468-75. [Medline].

36. Kloos WE, Bannerman TL. Update on clinical significance of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Clin Microbiol Rev. Jan 1994;7(1):117-40. [Medline].

37. Mekontso-Dessap A, Kirsch M, Brun-Buisson C, et al. Poststernotomy mediastinitis due to Staphylococcus aureus: comparison of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible cases. Clin Infect Dis. Mar 15 2001;32(6):877-83. [Medline].

38. Miller LG, Diep BA. Clinical practice: colonization, fomites, and virulence: rethinking the pathogenesis of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis. Mar 1 2008;46(5):752-60. [Medline].

39. Naimi TS, LeDell KH, Como-Sabetti K, et al. Comparison of community- and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. JAMA. Dec 10 2003;290(22):2976-84. [Medline].

40. Nouwen JL, Ott A, Kluytmans-Vandenbergh MF, et al. Predicting the Staphylococcus aureus nasal carrier state: derivation and validation of a "culture rule". Clin Infect Dis. Sep 15 2004;39(6):806-11. [Medline].

41. Polenakovik H, Herchline T, Bacheller C, et al. Staphylococcus lugdunensis endocarditis after angiography. Mayo Clin Proc. Jun 2000;75(6):656-7. [Medline].

42. Saiman L, O'Keefe M, Graham PL 3rd, et al. Hospital transmission of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among postpartum women. Clin Infect Dis. Nov 15 2003;37(10):1313-9. [Medline].

43. Schramm GE, Johnson JA, Doherty JA, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sterile-site infection: The importance of appropriate initial antimicrobial treatment. Crit Care Med. Aug 2006;34(8):2069-74. [Medline].

44. Smith TL, Pearson ML, Wilcox KR, et al. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Glycopeptide-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Working Group. N Engl J Med. Feb 18 1999;340(7):493-501. [Medline].

45. Vandenesch F, Naimi T, Enright MC, et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg Infect Dis. Aug 2003;9(8):978-84. [Medline].

46. von Eiff C, Becker K, Machka K, et al. Nasal carriage as a source of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Study Group. N Engl J Med. Jan 4 2001;344(1):11-6. [Medline].

47. Yamasaki O, Kaneko J, Morizane S, et al. The Association between Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying panton-valentine leukocidin genes and the development of deep-seated follicular infection. Clin Infect Dis. Feb 1 2005;40(3):381-5. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

staphylococcal infections, staph infection, MRSA, Staphylococcus aureus, S aureus, methicillin-resistant S aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, staphylococci, gram-positive cocci, S aureus bacteremia, staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, Staphylococcus epidermis, S epidermis, staphylococcal skin infections, staphylococcal folliculitis, staphylococcal furuncles, staphylococcal bullous impetigo, staphylococcal wound infections, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, staphylococcal soft-tissue infections, staphylococcal pyomyositis, staphylococcal septic bursitis, staphylococcal septic arthritis, staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, TSS, staphylococcal endocarditis, staphylococcal osteomyelitis, staphylococcal pneumonia, staphylococcal food poisoning, staphylococcal prosthetic infections, coagulase-negative staphylococci, staphylococcal urinary tract infection, UTI

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Thomas Herchline, MD, Professor of Medicine, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine; Medical Director, Public Health, Dayton and Montgomery County, Ohio
Thomas Herchline, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases Society of America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Klaus-Dieter Lessnau, MD, FCCP, Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; Medical Director, Pulmonary Physiology Laboratory; Director of Research in Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital
Klaus-Dieter Lessnau, MD, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society for Artificial Internal Organs, American Thoracic Society, Physicians for Social Responsibility, and Society of Critical Care Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

John L Brusch, MD, FACP, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Consulting Staff, Department of Medicine and Infectious Disease Service, Cambridge Health Alliance
John L Brusch, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and Infectious Diseases Society of America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Eleftherios Mylonakis, MD, Clinical and Research Fellow, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital
Eleftherios Mylonakis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases Society of America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Burke A Cunha, MD, Professor of Medicine, State University of New York School of Medicine at Stony Brook; Chief, Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop-University Hospital
Burke A Cunha, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, and Infectious Diseases Society of America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.