Streptococcus Group A Infections: Multimedia

References

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17. Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Metaanalysis of short course antibiotic treatment for group a streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Oct 2005;24(10):909-17. [Medline].

18. Norrby-Teglund A, Muller MP, Mcgeer A. Successful management of severe group A streptococcal soft tissue infections using an aggressive medical regimen including intravenous polyspecific immunoglobulin together with a conservative surgical approach. Scand J Infect Dis. 2005;37(3):166-72. [Medline].

19. Lamagni T, Efstratiou A, Vuopio-Varkila J. The epidemiology of severe Streptococcus pyogenes associated disease in Europe. Euro Surveill. Sep 1 2005;10(9):[Medline].

20. Wajima T, Murayama SY, Sunaoshi K, Nakayama E, Sunakawa K, Ubukata K. Distribution of emm type and antibiotic susceptibility of group A streptococci causing invasive and noninvasive disease. J Med Microbiol. Nov 2008;57:1383-8. [Medline].

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22. Callister ME, Wall RA. Descending necrotizing mediastinitis caused by group A streptococcus (serotype M1T1). Scand J Infect Dis. 2001;33(10):771-2. [Medline].

23. Mani R, Mahadevan A, Pradhan S, Nagarathna S, Srikanth NS, Dias M, et al. Fatal Group A Streptococcal meningitis in an adult. Indian J Med Microbiol. Apr 2007;25(2):169-70. [Medline].

24. Lurie S, Vaknine H, Izakson A, Levy T, Sadan O, Golan A. Group A Streptococcus causing a life-threatening postpartum necrotizing myometritis: a case report. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. Aug 2008;34(4 Pt 2):645-8. [Medline].

25. [Best Evidence] Altamimi S, Khalil A, Khalaiwi KA, Milner R, Pusic MV, Al Othman MA. Short versus standard duration antibiotic therapy for acute streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Jan 21 2009;CD004872. [Medline].

26. Currie BJ. Group A streptococcal infections of the skin: molecular advances but limited therapeutic progress. Curr Opin Infect Dis. Apr 2006;19(2):132-138. [Medline].

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29. [Best Evidence] Falagas ME, Vouloumanou EK, Matthaiou DK, Kapaskelis AM, Karageorgopoulos DE. Effectiveness and safety of short-course vs long-course antibiotic therapy for group a beta hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Mayo Clin Proc. Aug 2008;83(8):880-9. [Medline].

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32. Kaplan EL, Johnson DR. Eradication of group A streptococci from the upper respiratory tract by amoxicillin with clavulanate after oral penicillin V treatment failure. J Pediatr. Aug 1988;113(2):400-3. [Medline].

33. Lamagni TL, Efstratiou A, Vuopio-Varkila J, Jasir A, Schalén C. The epidemiology of severe Streptococcus pyogenes associated disease in Europe. Euro Surveill. Sep 2005;10(9):179-84. [Medline].

34. Marcus RH, Sareli P, Pocock WA, Barlow JB. The spectrum of severe rheumatic mitral valve disease in a developing country. Correlations among clinical presentation, surgical pathologic findings, and hemodynamic sequelae. Ann Intern Med. Feb 1 1994;120(3):177-83. [Medline].

35. [Best Evidence] Meury SN, Erb T, Schaad UB, Heininger U. Randomized, comparative efficacy trial of oral penicillin versus cefuroxime for perianal streptococcal dermatitis in children. J Pediatr. Dec 2008;153(6):799-802. [Medline].

36. Norrby-Teglund A, Muller MP, Mcgeer A, Gan BS, Guru V, Bohnen J, et al. Successful management of severe group A streptococcal soft tissue infections using an aggressive medical regimen including intravenous polyspecific immunoglobulin together with a conservative surgical approach. Scand J Infect Dis. 2005;37(3):166-72. [Medline].

37. Pichichero ME. Group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: cost-effective diagnosis and treatment. Ann Emerg Med. Mar 1995;25(3):390-403. [Medline].

38. Pichichero ME, Disney FA, Talpey WB, et al. Adverse and beneficial effects of immediate treatment of Group A beta- hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis with penicillin. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Jul 1987;6(7):635-43. [Medline].

39. Powis J, McGeer A, Duncan C. Prevalence and characterization of invasive isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. May 2005;49(5):2130-2. [Medline].

40. Randolph MF, Gerber MA, DeMeo KK, Wright L. Effect of antibiotic therapy on the clinical course of streptococcal pharyngitis. J Pediatr. Jun 1985;106(6):870-5. [Medline].

41. Smith A, Lamagni TL, Oliver I. Invasive group A streptococcal disease: should close contacts routinely receive antibiotic prophylaxis?. Lancet Infect Dis. Aug 2005;5(8):494-500. [Medline].

42. Stevens DL. Invasive group A streptococcus infections. Clin Infect Dis. Jan 1992;14(1):2-11. [Medline].

43. Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, et al. Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock- like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A. N Engl J Med. Jul 6 1989;321(1):1-7. [Medline].

44. Wilson P, Tierney L. Lemierre syndrome caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Clin Infect Dis. Oct 15 2005;41(8):1208-9. [Medline].

Further Reading

• Stevens DL, Kaplan EL, eds. Streptococcal Infections: Clinical Aspects, Microbiology, and Molecular Pathogenesis. 1st ed. Oxford University Press; 2000.

Keywords

Streptococcus group A infections, group A Streptococcus, group A streptococci, group A streptococcal infection, GAS infection, group A strep, strep throat, streptococci, Streptococcus, Streptococcus pyogenes, S pyogenes, gram-positive cocci, wound infection, acute rheumatic fever, ARF, acute glomerulonephritis, scarlet fever, pharyngitis, impetigo, tonsillopharyngeal cellulitis, tonsillopharyngeal abscess, otitis media, sinusitis, necrotizing fasciitis, streptococcal bacteremia, meningitis, brain abscess, gangrene, toxic shock syndrome, flesh-eating bacteria

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Zartash Zafar Khan, MD, Fellow in Infectious Diseases, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center
Zartash Zafar Khan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and International Society for Infectious Diseases
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Michelle R Salvaggio, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine; Medical Director of Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
Michelle R Salvaggio, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and Infectious Diseases Society of America
Disclosure: Merck Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Sat Sharma, MD, FRCPC, Professor and Head, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba; Site Director, Respiratory Medicine, St Boniface General Hospital
Sat Sharma, MD, FRCPC is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Thoracic Society, Canadian Medical Association, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Royal Society of Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine, and World Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Godfrey Harding, MD, FRCP(C), Program Director of Medical Microbiology, Professor, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, St Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Canada
Godfrey Harding, MD, FRCP(C) is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, Canadian Infectious Disease Society, Canadian Medical Association, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Douglas A Drevets, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Disease, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center
Douglas A Drevets, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Immunologists, American Society for Microbiology, Central Society for Clinical Research, and Christian Medical & Dental Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

John L Brusch, MD, FACP, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Consulting Staff, Department of Medicine and Infectious Disease Service, Cambridge Health Alliance
John L Brusch, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and Infectious Diseases Society of America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Eleftherios Mylonakis, MD, Clinical and Research Fellow, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital
Eleftherios Mylonakis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases Society of America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Burke A Cunha, MD, Professor of Medicine, State University of New York School of Medicine at Stony Brook; Chief, Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop-University Hospital
Burke A Cunha, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, and Infectious Diseases Society of America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.