Hypocalcemia: Multimedia

References

1. Levine BA, Williams RP. Calcium binding to proteins and other large biological anion centers. Academic Press. 1982;II:1.

2. Pedersen KO. Binding of calcium to serum albumin. I. Stoichiometry and intrinsic association constant at physiological pH, ionic strength, and temperature. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. Dec 1971;28(4):459-69. [Medline].

3. Hofer AM, Brown EM. Extracellular calcium sensing and signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. Jul 2003;4(7):530-8. [Medline].

4. Mundy GR, Guise TA. Hormonal control of calcium homeostasis. Clin Chem. Aug 1999;45(8 Pt 2):1347-52. [Medline].

5. Silver J, Yalcindag C, Sela-Brown A, Kilav R, Naveh-Many T. Regulation of the parathyroid hormone gene by vitamin D, calcium and phosphate. Kidney Int Suppl. Dec 1999;73:S2-7. [Medline].

6. Yamamoto M, Kawanobe Y, Takahashi H, Shimazawa E, Kimura S, Ogata E. Vitamin D deficiency and renal calcium transport in the rat. J Clin Invest. Aug 1984;74(2):507-13. [Medline].

7. Cooper MS, Gittoes NJ. Diagnosis and management of hypocalcaemia. BMJ. Jun 7 2008;336(7656):1298-302. [Medline].

8. Kaye M, Somerville PJ, Lowe G, Ketis M, Schneider W. Hypocalcemic tetany and metabolic alkalosis in a dialysis patient: an unusual event. Am J Kidney Dis. Sep 1997;30(3):440-4. [Medline].

9. Eraut D. Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism presenting as dementia. Br Med J. Mar 9 1974;1(5905):429-30. [Medline].

10. Soffer D, Licht A, Yaar I, Abramsky O. Paroxysmal choreoathetosis as a presenting symptom in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Jul 1977;40(7):692-4. [Medline].

11. Doorenbos CJ, Ozyilmaz A, van Wijnen M. Severe pseudohypocalcemia after gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography. N Engl J Med. Aug 21 2003;349(8):817-8. [Medline].

12. Mark PB, Mazonakis E, Shapiro D, Spooner RJ, Stuart C Rodger R. Pseudohypocalcaemia in an elderly patient with advanced renal failure and renovascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. Jul 2005;20(7):1499-500. [Medline].

13. Prince MR, Choyke PL, Knopp MV. More on pseudohypocalcemia and gadolinium-enhanced MRI. N Engl J Med. Jan 1 2004;350(1):87-8; author reply 87-8. [Medline].

14. Shoback D. Clinical practice. Hypoparathyroidism. N Engl J Med. Jul 24 2008;359(4):391-403. [Medline].

15. Burch WM, Posillico JT. Hypoparathyroidism after I-131 therapy with subsequent return of parathyroid function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Aug 1983;57(2):398-401. [Medline].

16. Cruz DN, Perazella MA. Biochemical aberrations in a dialysis patient following parathyroidectomy. Am J Kidney Dis. May 1997;29(5):759-62. [Medline].

17. Looker AC, Dawson-Hughes B, Calvo MS, Gunter EW, Sahyoun NR. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of adolescents and adults in two seasonal subpopulations from NHANES III. Bone. May 2002;30(5):771-7. [Medline].

18. Linnebur SA, Vondracek SF, Vande Griend JP, Ruscin JM, McDermott MT. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in elderly ambulatory outpatients in Denver, Colorado. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. Mar 2007;5(1):1-8. [Medline].

19. Barone A, Giusti A, Pioli G, Girasole G, Razzano M, Pizzonia M, et al. Secondary hyperparathyroidism due to hypovitaminosis D affects bone mineral density response to alendronate in elderly women with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. May 2007;55(5):752-7. [Medline].

20. Beckerman P, Silver J. Vitamin D and the parathyroid. Am J Med Sci. Jun 1999;317(6):363-9. [Medline].

21. Johnson JM, Maher JW, DeMaria EJ, Downs RW, Wolfe LG, Kellum JM. The long-term effects of gastric bypass on vitamin D metabolism. Ann Surg. May 2006;243(5):701-4; discussion 704-5. [Medline].

22. Desai TK, Carlson RW, Geheb MA. Prevalence and clinical implications of hypocalcemia in acutely ill patients in a medical intensive care setting. Am J Med. Feb 1988;84(2):209-14. [Medline].

23. Zivin JR, Gooley T, Zager RA, Ryan MJ. Hypocalcemia: a pervasive metabolic abnormality in the critically ill. Am J Kidney Dis. Apr 2001;37(4):689-98. [Medline].

24. Forsythe RM, Wessel CB, Billiar TR, Angus DC, Rosengart MR. Parenteral calcium for intensive care unit patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD006163. [Medline].

25. Brasier AR, Nussbaum SR. Hungry bone syndrome: clinical and biochemical predictors of its occurrence after parathyroid surgery. Am J Med. Apr 1988;84(4):654-60. [Medline].

26. Dettelbach MA, Deftos LJ, Stewart AF. Intraperitoneal free fatty acids induce severe hypocalcemia in rats: a model for the hypocalcemia of pancreatitis. J Bone Miner Res. Dec 1990;5(12):1249-55. [Medline].

27. Szczech LA. The impact of calcimimetic agents on the use of different classes of phosphate binders: results of recent clinical trials. Kidney International. 2004;90:S46-48.

28. Kido Y, Okamura T, Tomikawa M, Yamamoto M, Shiraishi M, Okada Y. Hypocalcemia associated with 5-fluorouracil and low dose leucovorin in patients with advanced colorectal or gastric carcinomas. Cancer. Oct 15 1996;78(8):1794-7. [Medline].

29. Recker RR, Lewiecki EM, Miller PD, Reiffel J. Safety of bisphosphonates in the treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med. Feb 2009;122(2 Suppl):S22-32. [Medline].

30. Stamp TC, Round JM, Rowe DJ, Haddad JG. Plasma levels and therapeutic effect of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in epileptic patients taking anticonvulsant drugs. Br Med J. Oct 7 1972;4(5831):9-12. [Medline].

31. Dykes C, Cash BD. Key safety issues of bowel preparations for colonoscopy and importance of adequate hydration. Gastroenterol Nurs. Jan-Feb 2008;31(1):30-5; quiz 36-7. [Medline].

32. Niemeijer ND, Rijk MC, van Guldener C. Symptomatic hypocalcemia after sodium phosphate preparation in an adult with asymptomatic hypoparathyroidism. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. Apr 2008;20(4):356-8. [Medline].

33. Jung RT, Davie M, Hunter JO, Chalmers TM. Ultraviolet light: an effective treatment of osteomalacia in malabsorption. Br Med J. Jun 24 1978;1(6128):1668-9. [Medline].

Further Reading

Clinical trials:
Evaluation of Parathyroid Hormone Pump Therapy

Impact on Reducing the Incidence of Low Serum Calcium by Providing Educational Materials on the Need to Take Daily Supplemental Calcium and Vitamin D to Patients With Paget's Disease Treated With Reclast®

Resistance to Vitamin D or Parathyroid Hormone

Studies of Elevated Parathyroid Activity

Keywords

hypocalcemia, low calcium, serum calcium, hypercalcemia, vitamin D deficiency, magnesium deficiency, hypocalcemia causes, hypocalcemia symptoms, hypocalcemia treatment, serum calcium levels, calcium-sensing receptor, ionized calcium concentration, chronic renal failure, acute renal failure, acute pancreatitis, hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Manish Suneja, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
Manish Suneja, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Nephrology, and National Kidney Foundation
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Heather A Muster, MD, MS, Assistant Professor, Division of Nephrology, University of Iowa
Heather A Muster, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Nephrology, American Society of Transplantation, International Society of Nephrology, Minnesota Medical Association, and National Kidney Foundation
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

James W Lohr, MD, Fellowship Program Director, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, State University of New York at Buffalo
James W Lohr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Society of Nephrology, and Central Society for Clinical Research
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Eleanor Lederer, MD, Consulting Staff, Louisville VA Hospital; Professor of Medicine; Interim Chief of Nephrology; Director of Nephrology Training Program; Director, Metabolic Stone Clinic; Director of Outpatient Clinics, Kidney Disease Program, University of Louisville School of Medicine
Eleanor Lederer, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, American Society of Nephrology, American Society of Transplantation, International Society of Nephrology, Kentucky Medical Association, National Kidney Foundation, and Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Rebecca J Schmidt, DO, FACP, FASN, Professor of Medicine, Section Chief, Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, West Virginia University School of Medicine
Rebecca J Schmidt, DO, FACP, FASN is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Osteopathic Internists, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society of Nephrology, International Society of Nephrology, National Kidney Foundation, Renal Physicians Association, and West Virginia State Medical Association
Disclosure: Abbott Grant/research funds Speaking and teaching; Genzyme Honoraria Consulting; Amgen Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Ortho Biotech Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Chief Editor

Vecihi Batuman, MD, FACP, FASN, Professor of Medicine, Section of Nephrology-Hypertension, Tulane University School of Medicine; Chief, Medicine Service, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System
Vecihi Batuman, MD, FACP, FASN is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, and International Society of Nephrology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.