Multimedia
 | Media file 1: Examples of various grid electrodes available for specific needs. These range in size and number of contacts. |
 | Media file 2: Examples of 3 depth electrodes with varying numbers of contacts. Note: The stylus is in place and is removed once the electrode has been inserted. |
 | Media file 3: Method for positioning the patient for temporal lobectomy. The head is angled so the malar prominence is the highest portion of the patient's head. |
 | Media file 4: A pterional incision is made, exposing the temporalis muscle and skull. |
 | Media file 5: After retracting the muscle and performing a small craniotomy, the dura is opened to expose the temporal tip and a small portion of the suprasylvian cortex. |
 | Media file 6: The lateral cortex is resected, leaving the hippocampus (H). The tentorium (T) and choroid plexus (CH) should be identified. |
 | Media file 7: The hippocampus is removed as a separate en bloc specimen for pathologic evaluation. Resection is carried back to the level of the collicular plate. The peduncle and third nerve should be visible through intact pia. |
 | Media file 8: Craniotomy that shows an intracranial grid in place. The grid lies over left primary motor and sensory cortex, near the vertex of the skull. The patient is positioned laterally, and the face is at the right. The intracranial study was performed to document seizure onsets in a patient who had a previous oligodendroglioma removed. Seizures began just posterior to leg motor cortex, in primary sensory cortex. |
 | Media file 9: The primary motor cortex is located with the use of extraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials and intraoperative cortical stimulation, as well as the grid described in Image 8. The Penfield instrument in the field is positioned over primary motor cortex. |
 | Media file 10: Illustration of lateral position for insertion of a lumbar drain. |
 | Media file 11: Photograph of a patient positioned for lumbar drain insertion prior to corpus callosotomy. |
 | Media file 12: Surgical site preparation for corpus callosotomy. The right hemisphere is inferior, and the left hemisphere is superior. In this position, the left hemisphere will be held out of the field by the falx cerebri, and the right hemisphere will fall away from the field, minimizing the need for traction. |
 | Media file 13: Incision of the dura mater, adjacent to the sagittal sinus. |
More on Epilepsy Surgery |
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Further Reading
Keywords
epilepsy surgery, epilepsy, epilepsy treatment, seizure, seizures, seizure treatment, anteromedial temporal resection, AMTR, corpus callosotomy, multiple subpial transections, MST, intracranial surgery, long-term EEG-video monitoring, long-term electroencephalogram–video monitoring, neuroimaging, epileptogenic focus, strip electrode, grid electrode, depth electrode
