Vertebral Artery Atherothrombosis: Multimedia

References

1. Berguer R, Kieffer E. Surgery of the Arteries of the Head. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1992.

2. Berguer R, Morasch MD, Kline RA. A review of 100 consecutive reconstructions of the distal vertebral artery for embolic and hemodynamic disease. J Vasc Surg. May 1998;27(5):852-9. [Medline].

3. Berguer R, Flynn LM, Kline RA, Caplan L. Surgical reconstruction of the extracranial vertebral artery: management and outcome. J Vasc Surg. Jan 2000;31(1 Pt 1):9-18. [Medline].

4. Caplan L. Posterior circulation ischemia: then, now, and tomorrow. The Thomas Willis Lecture-2000. Stroke. Aug 2000;31(8):2011-23. [Medline].

5. Chastain HD, Campbell MS, Iyer S, et al. Extracranial vertebral artery stent placement: in-hospital and follow-up results. J Neurosurg. Oct 1999;91(4):547-52. [Medline].

6. Cloud GC, Markus HS. Vertebral Artery Stenosis. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. Apr 2004;6(2):121-127. [Medline].

7. Hauth EA, Gissler HM, Drescher R, et al. Angioplasty or stenting of extra- and intracranial vertebral artery stenoses. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. Jan-Feb 2004;27(1):51-7. [Medline].

8. Kieffer E, Praquin B, Chiche L, et al. Distal vertebral artery reconstruction: long-term outcome. J Vasc Surg. Sep 2002;36(3):549-54. [Medline].

9. Lin YH, Juang JM, Jeng JS, et al. Symptomatic ostial vertebral artery stenosis treated with tubular coronary stents: clinical results and restenosis analysis. J Endovasc Ther. Dec 2004;11(6):719-26. [Medline].

10. Malek AM, Higashida RT, Phatouros CC, et al. Treatment of posterior circulation ischemia with extracranial percutaneous balloon angioplasty and stent placement. Stroke. Oct 1999;30(10):2073-85. [Medline].

11. Rancurel G, Kieffer E, Arzimanglou A. Hemodynamic vertebrobasilar ischemia: Differentiation of hemodynamic and thromboembolic mechanisms. In: erguer R, Caplan LR, eds, Vertebrobasilar Arterial Disease. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, Inc;1992:40-51.

12. Yates PO. Atheromatous lesions of the vertebral arteries and brain infarction. In: Vertebrobasilar Arterial Disease. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, Inc;1992:3-10.

Further Reading

Keywords

vertebral artery atherothrombosis, atherosclerosis, atherosclerotic lesions, atherosclerotic plaque, vertebral artery stenosis, hemodynamic symptoms, vertebrobasilar ischemia, fibromuscular dysplasia, FMD, carotid artery disease, vasculopathy, Takayasu disease, osteophyte compression, aneurysms, arteritides, anticoagulation, vertebral artery reconstruction, subclavian-vertebral artery endarterectomy, saphenous vein bypass

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Mark K Eskandari, MD, Associate Professor, Departments of Radiology and Division of Vascular Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Attending Surgeon, Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern Memorial Hospital; Consulting Staff, Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation; Consulting Staff, Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Consulting Staff, Department of Surgery, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare
Mark K Eskandari, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, Association for Academic Surgery, Association of VA Surgeons, Central Surgical Association, International Society of Endovascular Specialists, Peripheral Vascular Surgery Society, Society for Clinical Vascular Surgery, Society for Vascular Surgery, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of University Surgeons, and Western Surgical Association
Disclosure: Terumo Consulting fee Consulting; W. L. Gore & Associates Consulting fee Consulting; Abbott Vascular Consulting fee Consulting; Cordis Consulting fee Consulting; Boston Scientific Consulting fee Consulting

Coauthor(s)

Mark D Morasch, MD, Clinical Practice Director, Division of Vascular Surgery, Assistant Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Mark D Morasch, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Heart Association, and Central Surgical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Michael G Nosko, MD, PhD, Chief, Division of Neurosurgery, Director of Neurovascular Surgery, Medical Director of Neuroscience Unit, Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry at New Jersey
Michael G Nosko, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Academy of Medicine of New Jersey, Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, New York Academy of Sciences, and Society of Critical Care Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Ryszard M Pluta, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Neurosurgical Department Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences at Warsaw, Poland; Senior Researcher, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH
Ryszard M Pluta, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Congress of Neurological Surgeons and Polish Society of Neurosurgeons
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Paolo Zamboni, MD, Professor of Surgery, Chief of Day Surgery Unit, Chair of Vascular Diseases Center, University of Ferrara, Italy
Paolo Zamboni, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Venous Forum and New York Academy of Sciences
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Allen R Wyler, MD, Former Medical Director, Northstar Neuroscience, Inc
Allen R Wyler, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurological and Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, and Society of Neurological Surgeons
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.