eMedicine Specialties > Obstetrics and Gynecology > Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Deficiency in Adults: Follow-up

Author: Vaishali Popat, MD, MPH, Medical Officer, Endocrinology, Food and Drug Administration; Clinical Investigator, National Institutes of Health
Coauthor(s): Ziad Rafic Hubayter, MD, MPH, Fellow, The Howard and Georgeanna Jones Division of Reproductive endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, National Institute of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Karim Anton Calis, PharmD, MPH, FASHP, FCCP, Professor, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Clinical Professor, University of Maryland; Clinical Specialist, Endocrinology and Women's Health, Director, Drug Information Service, Mark O Hatfield Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Sep 7, 2008

Follow-up

Further Outpatient Care

The care of the patient depends on the goals of treatment, such as increase in sperm production or the initiation of ovulation. If fertility is not an issue, monitor the patient for problems associated with hypogonadism. One of the primary health concerns is osteoporosis.

Patient Education

For excellent patient education resources, visit eMedicine's Endocrine System Center, Women's Health Center, and Pregnancy and Reproduction Center. Also, see eMedicine's patient education articles Hypopituitary, Anatomy of the Endocrine System, Menopause, Amenorrhea, Birth Control Overview, and Birth Control FAQs.

Miscellaneous

Medicolegal Pitfalls

  • Difficulty in diagnosis arises when trying to differentiate between healthy prepubertal males and those with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) or Kallmann syndrome (KS).
  • Because males with androgen deficiency can experience a significant social ridicule, starting androgen therapy at age of 14-15 years is prudent.
 
Acknowledgments

The authors and editors of eMedicine gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous authors James N Anasti, MD and Michael Cackovic, MD to the development and writing of this article.



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References
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Further Reading

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Keywords

gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency, GnRH deficiency, luteinizing hormone, LH, isolated GnRH deficiency with or without associated anosmia, Kallmann syndrome, KS, idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypergonadism, IHH, gonadotropins, fertile eunuch, micropenis, fetal testosterone, cryptorchidism, microphallus, amenorrhea, hypogonadism, sexual dysfunction, gynecomastia, decreased testosterone production, anosmia, uterine malformation, congenital heart defects, dental agenesis, short stature, mental retardation, ichthyosis, chondroplasia punctata, cleft palate, hearing loss, adrenal hypoplasia congenita

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Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Vaishali Popat, MD, MPH, Medical Officer, Endocrinology, Food and Drug Administration; Clinical Investigator, National Institutes of Health
Vaishali Popat, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Medical Association, and Endocrine Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Ziad Rafic Hubayter, MD, MPH, Fellow, The Howard and Georgeanna Jones Division of Reproductive endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, National Institute of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Ziad Rafic Hubayter, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Medical Association, and American Society for Reproductive Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Karim Anton Calis, PharmD, MPH, FASHP, FCCP, Professor, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Clinical Professor, University of Maryland; Clinical Specialist, Endocrinology and Women's Health, Director, Drug Information Service, Mark O Hatfield Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health
Karim Anton Calis, PharmD, MPH, FASHP, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Clinical Pharmacy, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, and Endocrine Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Bruce A Meyer, MD, MBA, Vice President for Medical Affairs, Associate Dean for Health System Affairs and Director of the Faculty Practice Plan, Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School
Bruce A Meyer, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American College of Physician Executives, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Massachusetts Medical Society, Medical Group Management Association, and Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
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Managing Editor

Antonio V Sison, MD, Medical Director, Ob/Gyn Group, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital at Hamilton
Antonio V Sison, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Frederick B Gaupp, MD, Consulting Staff, Department of Family Practice, Hancock Medical Center
Frederick B Gaupp, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians
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Chief Editor

Bryan D Cowan, MD, Professor and Chairman, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Medical Director, Wiser Hospital for Women, University of Mississippi Medical Center
Bryan D Cowan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Gynecological and Obstetrical Society, American Medical Association, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Central Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Endocrine Society, Sigma Xi, Society for Assisted Reproductive Technologies, Society for Gynecologic Investigation, Society for the Study of Reproduction, and Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons
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