Ovarian Cancer Clinical Presentation

  • Author: Andrew E Green, MD; Chief Editor: Jules E Harris, MD   more...
 
Updated: May 1, 2012
 

History

Assessment of women for their risk of ovarian cancer necessitates obtaining a careful family history of both male and female relatives, including those relatives without cancer. (See Etiology) If possible, obtain verification of the histologic diagnoses. The counsel of a trained geneticist is ideal. Significant problems are involved in the counseling of women and their families with regard to genetic testing and its implications. Carriers of mutations may be detected through laboratory analysis of the genetic structure of white blood cells.

Epithelial ovarian cancer presents with a wide variety of vague and nonspecific symptoms, including bloating, abdominal distension or discomfort, pressure effects on the bladder and rectum, constipation, vaginal bleeding, indigestion and acid reflux, shortness of breath, tiredness, weight loss, and early satiety. The patient may feel an abdominal mass.

A case-control study showed that symptoms independently associated with the presence of ovarian cancer were pelvic and abdominal pain, increased abdominal size and bloating and difficulty eating or feeling full.[13] Another study reported that gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea, or other digestive disorders were associated with later-stage disease.[14] Presentation with swelling of a leg due to venous thrombosis is not uncommon. Paraneoplastic syndromes due to tumor-mediated factors lead to various presentations.

A prospective case-control study of 1,709 women visiting primary care clinics found that the combination of bloating, increased abdominal size, and urinary symptoms was found in 43% of those with ovarian cancer but in only 8% of those presenting to primary care clinics.[15]

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Physical Examination

Physical findings are uncommon in patients with early disease. Patients with more advanced disease may present with ovarian or pelvic mass, ascites, pleural effusion, or abdominal mass or bowel obstruction.

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Andrew E Green, MD  Consulting Staff, Southeastern Gynecologic Oncology, LLC, Northeast Georgia Medical Center

Andrew E Green, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Society of Clinical Oncology, and Society of Gynecologist Oncologists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Agustin A Garcia, MD  Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine

Agustin A Garcia, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Clinical Oncology and European Society for Medical Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Samina Ahmed, MD  Fellow, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine

Samina Ahmed, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Clinical Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Jules E Harris, MD  Clinical Professor of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Arizona Cancer Center

Jules E Harris, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Immunologists, American Society of Hematology, and Central Society for Clinical Research

Disclosure: GlobeImmune Salary Consulting

Additional Contributors

Robert P Edwards, MD Professor, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, University of Pittsburgh; Vice-Chair, Clinical Affairs, Director, Ovarian Cancer Center of Excellence, Magee-Womens Hospital of University of Pittsburgh

Robert P Edwards, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, and Society for Gynecologic Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

C William Helm, MB, BCh, MA, FRCS(Edin), FRCS Professor, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine

C William Helm, MB, BCh, MA, FRCS(Edin), FRCS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, European Society of Gynaecologic Oncology, and International Gynecologic Cancer Society

Disclosure: ThermaSolutions, Inc Grant/research funds Research Registry of patients treated with hyperthemic intraperitoneal chemotherapy; Sanofi-Aventis, Inc Grant/research funds Support for and investigator initiated research study of HIPEC for consolidation in ovarian cancer; ThermaSolutions, Inc Honoraria Speaking and teaching; UpToDate Royalty Online Text Book Chapters; Genzyme, Inc Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Warner K Huh, MD Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Senior Scientist, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama School of Medicine

Warner K Huh, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American College of Surgeons, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Massachusetts Medical Society, and Society of Gynecologist Oncologists

Disclosure: MERCK Consulting fee Consulting; ROCHE PHARMA/DIAGNOSTICS Consulting fee Consulting; INTUITIVE SURGICAL Proctor Fee Consulting; Qiagen Consulting fee Consulting

Karen Loeb Lifford, MD Director of General Gynecology, Associate Program Director, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Instructor, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School

Karen Loeb Lifford, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Massachusetts Medical Society, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michel E Rivlin, MD Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi School of Medicine

Michel E Rivlin, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Medical Association, Mississippi State Medical Association, and Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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An enlarged ovary with a papillary serous carcinoma on the surface.
Laparotomy on a patient with intermittent small bowel obstruction. A loop of small bowel (bottom of frame) is adherent to a poorly differentiated primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma (left of frame) that has spread to involve the pelvic sidewall, the bladder peritoneum, the serosa of the uterus, and the fallopian tube.
Metastases from epithelial ovarian carcinoma involving the omentum.
This photo shows a large, smooth-surfaced tumor replacing the ovary. This tumor appeared complex upon preoperative ultrasonography. Final histologic studies indicated the tumor was a mucinous carcinoma of low malignant potential.
Inside of a large, smooth-surfaced tumor replacing the ovary. Final histologic studies indicated the tumor was a mucinous carcinoma of low malignant potential. Note the multiple cysts with thick septa between. This tumor was extensively sectioned and was a mucinous carcinoma of low malignant potential.
Granulosa cell tumor excised from a woman aged 44 years. Note the yellowish tumor that has eroded through, onto the surface of the ovary.
This photo shows a granulosa cell tumor, with the cut surface showing classic features of a hemorrhagic cyst and yellowish solid component.
Mature cystic teratoma of the ovary exhibiting multiple tissue types.
Mature cystic teratoma of the ovary with hair, sebaceous material, and thyroid tissue.
 
 
 
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