eMedicine Specialties > Obstetrics and Gynecology > General Gynecology

Chronic Pelvic Pain: Differential Diagnoses & Workup

Author: Manish K Singh, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, Teaching Faculty for Pain Management and Neurology Residency Program, Hahnemann University Hospital, Drexel College of Medicine; Medical Director, Neurology and Pain Management, Jersey Institute of Neuroscience
Coauthor(s): Elizabeth E Puscheck, MD, Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine; In Vitro Fertilization Director, Gynecologic Ultrasound Director, Clinical Endocrine Laboratory Consultant, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Women's Care; Jashvant Patel, MD, Medical Director, Department of Pain Medicine and Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Medical College of Pennsylvania Hahnemann University
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Dec 22, 2008

Differential Diagnoses

Abdominal Hernias
Lumbar Disc Disease
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis and Prostatic Abscess
Lumbar Spondylosis
Adjustment Disorders
Malignant Neoplasms of the Small Intestine
Adnexal Tumors
Mediterranean Fever, Familial
ALA Dehydratase Deficiency Porphyria
Mixed Connective-Tissue Disease
Benign Lesions of the Ovaries
Neurogenic Bladder
Benign Vulvar Lesions
Nonbacterial Prostatitis
Bipolar Affective Disorder
Ovarian Cancer
Bladder Cancer
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Carcinoma In Situ of the Urinary Bladder
Perianal Abscess
Cervicitis
Perianal Cysts
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Pyelonephritis, Chronic
Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome and Prostatodynia
Radiation Cystitis
Colon Cancer, Adenocarcinoma
Rectal Cancer
Colonic Obstruction
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
Constipation
Salpingitis
Cystitis, Nonbacterial
Sleep Disorders
Depression
Somatoform Disorders
Diverticulitis
Ulcerative Colitis
Dysmenorrhea
Urethral Cancer
Endometrial Carcinoma
Urethral Diverticula
Endometriosis
Urethral Diverticulum
Endometritis
Urethral Strictures
Fibromyalgia
Urethral Syndrome
Gonococcal Infections
Urinary Tract Infection, Females
Gynecologic Pain
Urinary Tract Infection, Males
Hemorrhagic Cystitis: Noninfectious
Uterine Cancer
Herpes Zoster
Uterine Prolapse
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Vaginitis
Infrainguinal Occlusive Disease
Vesicovaginal and Ureterovaginal Fistula
Interstitial Cystitis
Vulvovaginitis
Intestinal Motility Disorders
Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Other Problems to Be Considered

Reproductive system
Adenomyosis
Adhesions
Adnexal tumors
Cervical stenosis
Dyspareunia
Endocervical and endometrial polyps
Endometriosis and endosalpingiosis
Uterine leiomyomas
Ovarian retention syndrome
Ovarian remnant syndrome
Pelvic varicosities and pelvic congestion syndrome
Vulvodynia
Pelvic floor relaxation disorders
Accessory and supernumerary ovaries

Urinary system
Chronic and recurrent urinary tract infections
Urolithiasis
Pelvic floor dysfunction
Urethral diverticula
Chronic urethral syndrome

Gastrointestinal system
Chronic intermittent bowel obstruction
Colitis
Chronic constipation
Diverticular disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
Irritable bowel syndrome
Peritoneal abscess

Other diseases
Hernias (eg, obturator, sciatic, inguinal, femoral, perineal, spigelian, umbilical)
Neoplasia of the spinal cord or sacral nerves
Mononeuropathy and nerve entrapment
Abdominal epilepsy
Abdominal migraines
Pelvic floor pain syndrome
Rectus abdominis pain
Faulty posture
Bipolar affective disorder and depression
Chronic visceral pain syndrome
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Substance abuse
Spinal malformation
Spinal tumors

Workup

Laboratory Studies

  • The decision to perform laboratory or imaging evaluations is based on the need for confirmation of the diagnosis and to help rule out other potentially life-threatening illnesses. Certain investigations sometimes are needed to provide appropriate and safe medical or surgical treatment.
  • Complete blood cell count and sedimentation rate: These tests provide nonspecific findings, but the results can be sensitive indicators of inflammation or infection and, occasionally, malignancy.
  • Serum drug screen: Perform this if any suggestion of prescription or street drug abuse is present.
  • Urine test
    • Urinalysis and urine culture are relatively inexpensive and noninvasive and should be performed when necessary.
    • If hematuria is present, carefully evaluate the condition with a history, physical examination, urine culture, urine cytology, cystourethroscopy, and intravenous pyelography or CT scan.
    • If malignancy is suggested, perform urine cytology in addition to urinalysis and culture, especially if the patient smokes.
  • Sexually transmitted disease testing
    • Testing for sexually transmitted diseases in women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) includes cervical cultures or smears, syphilis serology (rapid plasma reagent, microhemagglutination-Treponema pallidum), hepatitis B screening, chlamydial polymerase chain reaction, and HIV testing.
    • Other tests used to help rule out specific infections may include vaginal cultures, vaginal wet preparations, vaginal pH, and urine analysis and culture.
  • Hormone assays: Follicle-stimulating hormone level, estradiol level, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist stimulation testing can be helpful in cases of ovarian remnant syndrome.
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone testing
    • This is used for evaluation of hypothyroidism, especially in a patient with depression.
    • Perform stool guaiac testing in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms and in patients older than 50 years. Testing stool specimens for ova and parasites also may be helpful in selected cases.

Imaging Studies

  • Magnetic resonance imaging
    • MRI is a noninvasive tool that can provide excellent structural information without any radiation harm.
    • Intravenous contrast can be used when inflammation, infection, or malignancy is suggested.
  • CT scan: This is useful in patients with pelvic masses and sometimes is helpful in differentiating an ovarian mass from a uterine mass, but it is more expensive than sonography.
  • Ultrasonography
    • This is a noninvasive diagnostic tool and could be helpful in many patients with CPP.
    • It commonly is used to help identify pelvic masses or cysts and their origin, pelvic varicosities, and hernias (spigelian hernias).
  • Plain film radiography
    • Obtaining chest and spine radiographs may be useful in fractures, infections, tumors, and other structural abnormalities.
    • Flat and upright abdominal radiographs may be obtained to help rule out intestinal obstruction and pelvic infection (eg, tuberculosis).
  • Herniography (perineal hernia herniography)
  • Bone scan
  • Hysterosalpingography
    • Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is not a first-choice diagnostic tool for endometriosis; however, it may be useful in patients with infiltrative endometriosis of the uterosacral ligaments. Adolescents with endometriosis also can be evaluated for obstructive anomalies.
    • HSG may be useful in cases suggestive of endometrial polyps, Asherman syndrome, and adenomyosis.
  • Barium enema radiography, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, upper gastrointestinal series, and anorectal manometry
    • These can be used to evaluate a gastrointestinal etiology of chronic pain.
    • Anorectal balloon manometry can be used to assess colonic transit time.
  • Vaginal sonography
    • This is useful in patients with possible pelvic congestion syndrome.
    • Transuterine venography commonly is recommended.
  • Voiding cystourethrography: When interstitial cystitis is suggested, consider cystoscopy with hydrodistention.
  • Double-balloon cystourethrography: This is a more sensitive diagnostic test than voiding cystourethrography for diagnosing urethral diverticula in women.6

Other Tests

  • Endoscopic procedures used commonly in the evaluation and treatment of patients with CPP include laparoscopy, cystourethroscopy, hysteroscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy.
  • Laparoscopy can be used as a diagnostic tool in patients with CPP, as follows:
    • More than 40% of laparoscopies are performed for the diagnosis of CPP.
    • More then 60% of women with CPP have at least one condition detectable by laparoscopy.
    • Most commonly, diagnoses made via laparoscopy include endometriosis, pelvic adhesions, and chronic pelvic inflammatory disease. Other diagnoses include ovarian cysts, hernias, pelvic congestion syndrome, ovarian remnant syndrome, ovarian retention syndrome, postoperative peritoneal cysts, and endosalpingiosis.
  • Urodynamic testing can be performed if chronic urethral syndrome or interstitial cystitis is suggested in a patient with CPP.
  • Nerve-conducting velocities and needle-electromyographic studies are used to help evaluate compression or entrapment neuropathy and pelvic floor function.
  • Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125), used as a diagnostic test, has low sensitivity and specificity.
    • CA-125 may be elevated with diseases associated with pelvic pain, such as endometriosis or leiomyomata.
    • CA-125 levels also are elevated with malignancy (eg, ovarian, endometrial, colon, or breast cancer), pelvic inflammatory disease, pregnancy, and menses.7
    • Perform electroencephalography if the rare disorder of abdominal epilepsy is suggested.

More on Chronic Pelvic Pain

Overview: Chronic Pelvic Pain
Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Chronic Pelvic Pain
Treatment & Medication: Chronic Pelvic Pain
Follow-up: Chronic Pelvic Pain
References
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Further Reading

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Keywords

chronic pelvic pain, CPP, bladder dysfunction, bowel dysfunction, sexual dysfunction, depression, anxiety disorder, drug addiction, drug abuse, prostatitis, chronic orchalgia, prostatodynia, pelvic congestion syndrome, endometriosis, uterine leiomyomas, adenomyosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, PID, cervical stenosis, deflecting sigmoid adhesion, pelvic floor relaxation disorder, pudendal neuralgia, somatization, physical abuse, sexual abuse, sexually transmitted disease, STD, nonmenstrual pain, vulvodynia, dyspareunia, Betty maneuver, piriformis syndrome, obturator sign, psoas sign, Patrick test, faber test

adnexal cysts, chronic urinary tract infection, abdominal wall myofascial pain, carcinoma of the colon, chronic intermittent bowel obstruction, cutaneous nerve entrapment, shingles, sleep disorders, chronic ectopic pregnancy, chlamydial endometritis, chlamydial salpingitis, endosalpingiosis, ovarian retention syndrome, residual ovary syndrome, ovarian remnant syndrome, ovarian dystrophy, ovulatory pain, postoperative peritoneal cysts, residual accessory ovary, subacute salpingo-oophoritis, tuberculous salpingitis, atypical dysmenorrhea, endometrial polyps, cervical polyps, leiomyomata, genital prolapse

intrauterine contraceptive device, bladder neoplasm, interstitial cystitis, radiation cystitis, recurrent cystitis, recurrent urethritis, urolithiasis, detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia, urethral diverticulum, chronic urethral syndrome, urethral caruncle, compression fracture of lumbar vertebrae, fibromyalgia, faulty posture, mechanical low back pain, chronic coccygeal pain, muscular strains and sprains, pelvic floor myalgia, levator ani spasm, rectus tendon strain, femoral hernia, perineal hernia, umbilical hernia, spigelian hernia, sciatic hernia, obturator hernia, colitis, chronic constipation, diverticular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, herpes zoster infection, degenerative joint disease, disk herniation, spondylosis, abdominal epilepsy, abdominal migraine, neoplasia of spinal cord

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Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Manish K Singh, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, Teaching Faculty for Pain Management and Neurology Residency Program, Hahnemann University Hospital, Drexel College of Medicine; Medical Director, Neurology and Pain Management, Jersey Institute of Neuroscience
Manish K Singh, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Pain Medicine, American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin, American Headache Society, American Medical Association, and American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Elizabeth E Puscheck, MD, Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine; In Vitro Fertilization Director, Gynecologic Ultrasound Director, Clinical Endocrine Laboratory Consultant, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Women's Care
Elizabeth E Puscheck, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Endocrine Society, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, Society for Assisted Reproductive Technologies, Society for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, and Society of Reproductive Surgeons
Disclosure: Ferring Grant/research funds Other

Jashvant Patel, MD, Medical Director, Department of Pain Medicine and Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Medical College of Pennsylvania Hahnemann University
Jashvant Patel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alberta Medical Association, American Academy of Pain Medicine, American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Medical Association, American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and Medical Society of the State of New York
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Suzanne R Trupin, MD, Clinical Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois College of Medicine-Champaign; CEO and Owner, Women's Health Practice; CEO and Owner, Hada Cosmetic Medicine and Midwest Surgical Center
Suzanne R Trupin, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, American Medical Association, Association of Reproductive Health Professionals, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, and North American Menopause Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

A David Barnes, MD, PhD, MPH, FACOG, Consulting Staff, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mammoth Hospital (Mammoth Lakes, California), Pioneer Valley Hospital (Salt Lake City, Utah), Warren General Hospital (Warren, Pennsylvania), and Mountain West Hospital (Tooele, Utah)
A David Barnes, MD, PhD, MPH, FACOG is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Forensic Examiners, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Medical Association, Association of Military Surgeons of the US, and Utah Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Frederick B Gaupp, MD, Consulting Staff, Department of Family Practice, Hancock Medical Center
Frederick B Gaupp, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Michel E Rivlin, MD, Professor, Coordinator of Quality Assurance/Quality Improvement, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi School of Medicine
Michel E Rivlin, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Medical Association, Mississippi State Medical Association, and Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

 
 
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