Fetal Growth Restriction: Multimedia

References

1. Severi FM, Rizzo G, Bocchi C, et al. Intrauterine growth retardation and fetal cardiac function. Fetal Diagn Ther. Jan-Feb 2000;15(1):8-19. [Medline].

2. Gardosi J, Mul T, Mongelli M, Fagan D. Analysis of birthweight and gestational age in antepartum stillbirths. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. May 1998;105(5):524-30. [Medline].

3. Campbell S, Thoms A. Ultrasound measurement of the fetal head to abdomen circumference ratio in the assessment of growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. Mar 1977;84(3):165-74. [Medline].

4. Dashe JS, McIntire DD, Lucas MJ, Leveno KJ. Effects of symmetric and asymmetric fetal growth on pregnancy outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. Sep 2000;96(3):321-7. [Medline].

5. Madazli R. Prognostic factors for survival of growth-restricted fetuses with absent end-diastolic velocity in the umbilical artery. J Perinatol. Jun 2002;22(4):286-90. [Medline].

6. Bernstein IM, Horbar JD, Badger GJ, et al. Morbidity and mortality among very-low-birth-weight neonates with intrauterine growth restriction. The Vermont Oxford Network. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Jan 2000;182(1 Pt 1):198-206. [Medline].

7. Zubrick SR, Kurinczuk JJ, McDermott BM, et al. Fetal growth and subsequent mental health problems in children aged 4 to 13 years. Dev Med Child Neurol. Jan 2000;42(1):14-20. [Medline].

8. Leitner Y, Bloch AM, Sadeh A, et al. Sleep-wake patterns in children with intrauterine growth retardation. J Child Neurol. Dec 2002;17(12):872-6. [Medline].

9. Jelks A, Cifuentes R, Ross MG. Clinician bias in fundal height measurement. Obstet Gynecol. Oct 2007;110(4):892-9. [Medline].

10. Yoshida S, Unno N, Kagawa H, et al. Prenatal detection of a high-risk group for intrauterine growth restriction based on sonographic fetal biometry. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. Mar 2000;68(3):225-32. [Medline].

11. Baschat AA, Weiner CP. Umbilical artery Doppler screening for detection of the small fetus in need of antepartum surveillance. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Jan 2000;182(1 Pt 1):154-8. [Medline].

12. Chauhan SP, Scardo JA, Hendrix NW, et al. Accuracy of sonographically estimated fetal weight with and without oligohydramnios. A case-control study. J Reprod Med. Nov 1999;44(11):969-73. [Medline].

13. Banks EH, Miller DA. Perinatal risks associated with borderline amniotic fluid index. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Jun 1999;180(6 Pt 1):1461-3. [Medline].

14. Chamberlain PF, Manning FA, Morrison I, et al. Ultrasound evaluation of amniotic fluid volume. I. The relationship of marginal and decreased amniotic fluid volumes to perinatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Oct 1 1984;150(3):245-9. [Medline].

15. Albaiges G, Missfelder-Lobos H, Lees C, Parra M, Nicolaides KH. One-stage screening for pregnancy complications by color Doppler assessment of the uterine arteries at 23 weeks' gestation. Obstet Gynecol. Oct 2000;96(4):559-64. [Medline].

16. Chien PF, Arnott N, Gordon A, et al. How useful is uterine artery Doppler flow velocimetry in the prediction of pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth retardation and perinatal death? An overview. BJOG. Feb 2000;107(2):196-208. [Medline].

17. Mandruzzato GP, Bogatti P, Fischer L, Gigli C. The clinical significance of absent or reverse end-diastolic flow in the fetal aorta and umbilical artery. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. May 1 1991;1(3):192-6. [Medline].

18. Fong KW, Ohlsson A, Hannah ME, et al. Prediction of perinatal outcome in fetuses suspected to have intrauterine growth restriction: Doppler US study of fetal cerebral, renal, and umbilical arteries. Radiology. Dec 1999;213(3):681-9. [Medline].

19. Hershkovitz R, Kingdom JC, Geary M, Rodeck CH. Fetal cerebral blood flow redistribution in late gestation: identification of compromise in small fetuses with normal umbilical artery Doppler. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. Mar 2000;15(3):209-12. [Medline].

20. Mari G, Hanif F, Kruger M, Cosmi E, Santolaya-Forgas J, Treadwell MC. Middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity: a new Doppler parameter in the assessment of growth-restricted fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. Mar 2007;29(3):310-6. [Medline].

21. Bilardo CM, Wolf H, Stigter RH, et al. Relationship between monitoring parameters and perinatal outcome in severe, early intrauterine growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. Feb 2004;23(2):119-25. [Medline].

22. Chang CH, Tsai PY, Yu CH, Ko HC, Chang FM. Prenatal detection of fetal growth restriction by fetal femur volume: efficacy assessment using three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. Mar 2007;33(3):335-41. [Medline].

23. Chang CH, Yu CH, Ko HC, Chen CL, Chang FM. Fetal upper arm volume in predicting intrauterine growth restriction: a three-dimensional ultrasound study. Ultrasound Med Biol. Nov 2005;31(11):1435-9. [Medline].

24. Gülmezoglu M, de Onis M, Villar J. Effectiveness of interventions to prevent or treat impaired fetal growth. Obstet Gynecol Surv. Feb 1997;52(2):139-49. [Medline].

25. Pollack RN, Yaffe H, Divon MY. Therapy for intrauterine growth restriction: current options and future directions. Clin Obstet Gynecol. Dec 1997;40(4):824-42. [Medline].

26. Newnham JP, Godfrey M, Walters BJ, et al. Low dose aspirin for the treatment of fetal growth restriction: a randomized controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. Nov 1995;35(4):370-4. [Medline].

27. Say L, Gülmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ. Hormones for suspected impaired fetal growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;CD000109. [Medline].

28. Say L, Gülmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ. Maternal nutrient supplementation for suspected impaired fetal growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;CD000148. [Medline].

29. Say L, Gülmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ. Maternal oxygen administration for suspected impaired fetal growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;CD000137. [Medline].

30. Simchen MJ, Alkazaleh F, Adamson SL, et al. The fetal cardiovascular response to antenatal steroids in severe early-onset intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Feb 2004;190(2):296-304. [Medline].

31. Harman CR, Baschat AA. Arterial and venous Dopplers in IUGR. Clin Obstet Gynecol. Dec 2003;46(4):931-46. [Medline].

32. Wallenburg HC, Dekker GA, Makovitz JW, Rotmans P. Low-dose aspirin prevents pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia in angiotensin-sensitive primigravidae. Lancet. Jan 4 1986;1(8471):1-3. [Medline].

33. Sibai BM, Caritis SN, Thom E, et al. Prevention of preeclampsia with low-dose aspirin in healthy, nulliparous pregnant women. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. N Engl J Med. Oct 21 1993;329(17):1213-8. [Medline].

34. Uzan S, Beaufils M, Breart G, et al. Prevention of fetal growth retardation with low-dose aspirin: findings of the EPREDA trial. Lancet. Jun 15 1991;337(8755):1427-31. [Medline].

35. Italian Study of Aspirin In Pregnancy. Low-dose aspirin in prevention and treatment of intrauterine growth retardation and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Italian study of aspirin in pregnancy. Lancet. Feb 13 1993;341(8842):396-400. [Medline].

36. Harrington K, Kurdi W, Aquilina J, et al. A prospective management study of slow-release aspirin in the palliation of uteroplacental insufficiency predicted by uterine artery Doppler at 20 weeks. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. Jan 2000;15(1):13-8. [Medline].

37. Trudinger BJ, Cook CM, Thompson RS, et al. Low-dose aspirin therapy improves fetal weight in umbilical placental insufficiency. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Sep 1988;159(3):681-5. [Medline].

38. Collaborative Low-dose Aspirin Study in Pregnancy Collaborative Group. CLASP: a randomised trial of low-dose aspirin for the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia among 9364 pregnant women. CLASP (Collaborative Low-dose Aspirin Study in Pregnancy) Collaborative Group. Lancet. Mar 12 1994;343(8898):619-29. [Medline].

39. Leitich H, Egarter C, Husslein P, et al. A meta-analysis of low dose aspirin for the prevention of intrauterine growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. Apr 1997;104(4):450-9. [Medline].

40. Baschat AA, Gembruch U, Reiss I, et al. Absent umbilical artery end-diastolic velocity in growth-restricted fetuses: a risk factor for neonatal thrombocytopenia. Obstet Gynecol. Aug 2000;96(2):162-6. [Medline].

41. Baschat AA, Hecher K. Fetal growth restriction due to placental disease. Semin Perinatol. Feb 2004;28(1):67-80. [Medline].

42. Battaglia C, Artini PG, D''Ambrogio G, et al. Maternal hyperoxygenation in the treatment of intrauterine growth retardation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Aug 1992;167(2):430-5. [Medline].

43. Burke G, Stuart B, Crowley P, et al. Is intrauterine growth retardation with normal umbilical artery blood flow a benign condition?. BMJ. Apr 21 1990;300(6731):1044-5. [Medline]. [Full Text].

44. Cnattingius S, Haglund B, Kramer MS. Differences in late fetal death rates in association with determinants of small for gestational age fetuses: population based cohort study. BMJ. May 16 1998;316(7143):1483-7. [Medline].

45. Gardosi J, Francis A. Controlled trial of fundal height measurement plotted on customised antenatal growth charts. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. Apr 1999;106(4):309-17. [Medline].

46. Hales CN, Barker DJ. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia. Jul 1992;35(7):595-601. [Medline].

47. Hepburn M, Rosenberg K. An audit of the detection and management of small-for-gestational age babies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. Mar 1986;93(3):212-6. [Medline].

48. Heyl W, Boabang P, Faridi A, Rath W. Evaluation of the success of hemodilution therapy for fetal growth retardation by Doppler sonography. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. May-Jun 1997;17(3):225-30. [Medline].

49. Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Mastorakos G, Chrousos GP. Endocrine-related causes and consequences of intrauterine growth retardation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Nov 2003;997:150-7. [Medline].

50. Kramer WB, Weiner CP. Management of intrauterine growth restriction. Clin Obstet Gynecol. Dec 1997;40(4):814-23. [Medline].

51. Li H, Gudmundsson S, Olofsson P. Prospect for vaginal delivery of growth restricted fetuses with abnormal umbilical artery blood flow. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. Sep 2003;82(9):828-33. [Medline].

52. Maisonet M, Correa A, Misra D, Jaakkola JJ. A review of the literature on the effects of ambient air pollution on fetal growth. Environ Res. May 2004;95(1):106-15. [Medline].

53. Nicolaides KH, Campbell S, Bradley RJ, et al. Maternal oxygen therapy for intrauterine growth retardation. Lancet. Apr 25 1987;1(8539):942-5. [Medline].

54. Seeds JW, Peng T. Impaired growth and risk of fetal death: is the tenth percentile the appropriate standard?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Apr 1998;178(4):658-69. [Medline].

55. Shimonovitz S, Yagel S, Zacut D, et al. Intermittent abdominal decompression: an option for prevention of intrauterine growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. Aug 1992;99(8):693-5. [Medline].

56. Siristatidis C, Salamalekis E, Vitoratos N, et al. Intrapartum surveillance of IUGR fetuses with cardiotocography and fetal pulse oximetry. Biol Neonate. 2003;83(3):162-5. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

intrauterine growth retardation, IUGR, small for gestational age, SGA, intrauterine growth restriction, perinatal mortality, perinatal morbidity, birth defect, pregnancy, fetal death, prematurity, premature infant, neonatal death, fetal compromise, neonatal morbidity, caesarean delivery, caesarean section, cesarean delivery, cesarean section, C-section, brain-sparing effect, fetal growth retardation, imminent fetal demise, fetal compromise, complicated pregnancy, pregnancy complications, emergency delivery

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Michael G Ross, MD, MPH, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles; Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles School of Public Health; Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
Michael G Ross, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Gynecological and Obstetrical Society, American Physiological Society, American Public Health Association, Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Perinatal Research Society, Phi Beta Kappa, Society for Gynecologic Investigation, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, and Society for Neuroscience
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Roy Zion Mansano, MD, Clinical Instructor, Introduction to Clinical Medicine, Introduction to Reproductive Systems, University of California at Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine; Fellow in Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center
Roy Zion Mansano, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Gerard S Letterie, DO, Associate Clinical Professor, Medical Director of In-vitro Fertilization Lab, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, University of Washington
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Frederick B Gaupp, MD, Consulting Staff, Department of Family Practice, Assumption Community Hospital
Frederick B Gaupp, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Carl V Smith, MD, The Distinguished Chris J and Marie A Olson Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center
Carl V Smith, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, American Medical Association, Arkansas Medical Society, Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Central Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Council of University Chairs of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nebraska Medical Association, and Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.