Early Pregnancy Loss Differential Diagnoses
- Author: Elizabeth E Puscheck, MD; Chief Editor: Richard Scott Lucidi, MD more...
Barnhart KT, Katz I, Hummel A, Gracia CR. Presumed diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. Sep 2002;100(3):505-10. [Medline].
Condous G, Kirk E, Lu C, et al. There is no role for uterine curettage in the contemporary diagnostic workup of women with a pregnancy of unknown location. Hum Reprod. Oct 2006;21(10):2706-10. [Medline].
Arck PC, Rucke M, Rose M, et al. Early risk factors for miscarriage: a prospective cohort study in pregnant women. Reprod Biomed Online. Jul 2008;17(1):101-13. [Medline].
Maconochie N, Doyle P, Prior S, Simmons R. Risk factors for first trimester miscarriage--results from a UK-population-based case-control study. BJOG. Feb 2007;114(2):170-86. [Medline].
Gracia CR, Sammel MD, Chittams J, Hummel AC, Shaunik A, Barnhart KT. Risk factors for spontaneous abortion in early symptomatic first-trimester pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. Nov 2005;106(5 Pt 1):993-9. [Medline].
Chang J, Elam-Evans LD, Berg CJ, Herndon J, Flowers L, Seed KA, et al. Pregnancy-related mortality surveillance--United States, 1991--1999. MMWR Surveill Summ. Feb 21 2003;52(2):1-8. [Medline].
Calleja-Agius J, Jauniaux E, Pizzey AR, Muttukrishna S. Investigation of systemic inflammatory response in first trimester pregnancy failure. Hum Reprod. Nov 29 2011;[Medline].
Thangaratinam S, Tan A, Knox E, et al. Association between thyroid autoantibodies and miscarriage and preterm birth: meta-analysis of evidence. BMJ. May 9 2011;342:d2616. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Nakhai-Pour HR, Perrine B, Sheehy O, Berard A. Use of nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion. CMAJ. September 6, 2011;[Full Text].
Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril. Nov 2008;90(5 Suppl):S206-12. [Medline].
Weeks A, Alia G, Blum J, et al. A randomized trial of misoprostol compared with manual vacuum aspiration for incomplete abortion. Obstet Gynecol. Sep 2005;106(3):540-7. [Medline].
Zhang J, Gilles JM, Barnhart K, Creinin MD, Westhoff C, Frederick MM. A comparison of medical management with misoprostol and surgical management for early pregnancy failure. N Engl J Med. Aug 25 2005;353(8):761-9. [Medline].
[Guideline] American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 94: Medical management of ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. Jun 2008;111(6):1479-85. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Wahabi HA, Fayed AA, Esmaeil SA, Al Zeidan RA. Progestogen for treating threatened miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Dec 7 2011;12:CD005943. [Medline].
Clifford K, Rai R, Regan L. Future pregnancy outcome in unexplained recurrent first trimester miscarriage. Hum Reprod. Feb 1997;12(2):387-9. [Medline].
Liddell HS, Pattison NS, Zanderigo A. Recurrent miscarriage--outcome after supportive care in early pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. Nov 1991;31(4):320-2. [Medline].
Stray-Pedersen B, Stray-Pedersen S. Etiologic factors and subsequent reproductive performance in 195 couples with a prior history of habitual abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Jan 15 1984;148(2):140-6. [Medline].
[Guideline] ACOG practice bulletin. ACOG practice bulletin. Medical management of tubal pregnancy. Number 3, December 1998. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. Apr 1999;65(1):97-103. [Medline].
Chipchase J, James D. Randomised trial of expectant versus surgical management of spontaneous miscarriage. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. Jul 1997;104(7):840-1. [Medline].
Chung TK, Cheung LP, Sahota DS, Haines CJ, Chang AM. Spontaneous abortion: short-term complications following either conservative or surgical management. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. Feb 1998;38(1):61-4. [Medline].
Creinin MD, Schwartz JL, Guido RS, Pymar HC. Early pregnancy failure--current management concepts. Obstet Gynecol Surv. Feb 2001;56(2):105-13. [Medline].
Geyman JP, Oliver LM, Sullivan SD. Expectant, medical, or surgical treatment of spontaneous abortion in first trimester of pregnancy? A pooled quantitative literature evaluation. J Am Board Fam Pract. Jan-Feb 1999;12(1):55-64. [Medline].
Hurd WW, Whitfield RR, Randolph JF Jr, Kercher ML. Expectant management versus elective curettage for the treatment of spontaneous abortion. Fertil Steril. Oct 1997;68(4):601-6. [Medline].
Jurkovic D, Ross JA, Nicolaides KH. Expectant management of missed miscarriage. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. Jun 1998;105(6):670-1. [Medline].
Kalousek DK. Clinical significance of morphologic and genetic examination of spontaneously aborted embryos. Am J Reprod Immunol. Feb 1998;39(2):108-19. [Medline].
Katz VL, Lentz G, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier; 2007.
Keith SC, London SN, Weitzman GA, O'Brien TJ, Miller MM. Serial transvaginal ultrasound scans and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels in early singleton and multiple pregnancies. Fertil Steril. May 1993;59(5):1007-10. [Medline].
Nielsen S, Hahlin M. Expectant management of first-trimester spontaneous abortion. Lancet. Jan 14 1995;345(8942):84-6. [Medline].
Scroggins KM, Smucker WD, Krishen AE. Spontaneous pregnancy loss: evaluation, management, and follow-up counseling. Prim Care. Mar 2000;27(1):153-67. [Medline].

