Androgen Excess Follow-up
- Author: Mohamed Yahya Abdel-Rahman, MD, MSc; Chief Editor: Richard Scott Lucidi, MD more...
Further Outpatient Care
When medical therapy is started, a follow-up visit should be scheduled after 1 month to evaluate the patient for side effects and reinforce the treatment plan. Follow-up thereafter can be every 3-6 months until the patient's condition is stable. Once treatment goals have been achieved, annual visits are appropriate.
Prognosis
Therapies for most causes of androgen excess are life long. Occasionally, a woman with PCOS-related androgen excess has complete resolution after significant weight reduction. Most women, however, need continued therapy throughout their lifetime to minimize signs and symptoms of androgen excess.
Adashi EY. The climacteric ovary as a functional gonadotropin-driven androgen-producing gland. Fertil Steril. Jul 1994;62(1):20-7. [Medline].
Gupta M, Chia SY. Ovarian Hormones: Structure, Biosynthesis, Function, Mechanism of Action, and Laboratory Diagnosis. In: T. Falcone and W. Hurd. Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Inc.; 2007:22.
Davison SL, Bell R. Androgen physiology. Semin Reprod Med. Apr 2006;24(2):71-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Baulieu EE. Neurosteroids: a novel function of the brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology. Nov 1998;23(8):963-87. [Medline].
Sherwin BB, Gelfand MM. Differential symptom response to parenteral estrogen and/or androgen administration in the surgical menopause. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Jan 15 1985;151(2):153-60. [Medline].
Shifren JL, Braunstein GD, Simon JA, Casson PR, Buster JE, Redmond GP, et al. Transdermal testosterone treatment in women with impaired sexual function after oophorectomy. N Engl J Med. Sep 7 2000;343(10):682-8. [Medline].
Appelt H, Strauss B. Effects of antiandrogen treatment on the sexuality of women with hyperandrogenism. Psychother Psychosom. 1984;42(1-4):177-81. [Medline].
Buster JE, Kingsberg SA, Aguirre O, Brown C, Breaux JG, Buch A, et al. Testosterone patch for low sexual desire in surgically menopausal women: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol. May 2005;105(5 Pt 1):944-52. [Medline].
Slemenda C, Longcope C, Peacock M, Hui S, Johnston CC. Sex steroids, bone mass, and bone loss. A prospective study of pre-, peri-, and postmenopausal women. J Clin Invest. Jan 1 1996;97(1):14-21. [Medline].
Dimitrakakis C, Zhou J, Wang J, Belanger A, LaBrie F, Cheng C, et al. A physiologic role for testosterone in limiting estrogenic stimulation of the breast. Menopause. Jul-Aug 2003;10(4):292-8. [Medline].
Anderson KE, Sellers TA, Chen PL, Rich SS, Hong CP, Folsom AR. Association of Stein-Leventhal syndrome with the incidence of postmenopausal breast carcinoma in a large prospective study of women in Iowa. Cancer. Feb 1 1997;79(3):494-9. [Medline].
Hofling M, Hirschberg AL, Skoog L, Tani E, Hägerström T, von Schoultz B. Testosterone inhibits estrogen/progestogen-induced breast cell proliferation in postmenopausal women. Menopause. Mar-Apr 2007;14(2):183-90. [Medline].
Bulun SE, Mahendroo MS, Simpson ER. Polymerase chain reaction amplification fails to detect aromatase cytochrome P450 transcripts in normal human endometrium or decidua. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Jun 1993;76(6):1458-63. [Medline].
Tuckerman EM, Okon MA, Li T, Laird SM. Do androgens have a direct effect on endometrial function? An in vitro study. Fertil Steril. Oct 2000;74(4):771-9. [Medline].
Talbott E, Guzick D, Clerici A, Berga S, Detre K, Weimer K, et al. Coronary heart disease risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Jul 1995;15(7):821-6. [Medline].
Ehrmann DA, Schneider DJ, Sobel BE, Cavaghan MK, Imperial J, Rosenfield RL, et al. Troglitazone improves defects in insulin action, insulin secretion, ovarian steroidogenesis, and fibrinolysis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Jul 1997;82(7):2108-16. [Medline].
Holte J, Gennarelli G, Wide L, Lithell H, Berne C. High prevalence of polycystic ovaries and associated clinical, endocrine, and metabolic features in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Apr 1998;83(4):1143-50. [Medline].
Eckardstein A, Wu FC. Testosterone and atherosclerosis. Growth Horm IGF Res. Aug 2003;13 Suppl A:S72-84. [Medline].
Yildiz BO, Bolour S, Woods K, Moore A, Azziz R. Visually scoring hirsutism. Hum Reprod Update. Jan-Feb 2010;16(1):51-64. [Medline].
Lolis MS, Bowe WP, Shalita AR. Acne and systemic disease. Med Clin North Am. Nov 2009;93(6):1161-81. [Medline].
Boyd-Woschinko G, Kushner H, Falkner B. Androgen excess is associated with insulin resistance and the development of diabetes in African American women. J Cardiometab Syndr. Fall 2007;2(4):254-9. [Medline].
Koulouri O, Conway GS. A systematic review of commonly used medical treatments for hirsutism in women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). May 2008;68(5):800-5. [Medline].
Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod. Jan 2004;19(1):41-7. [Medline].
Mehta A, Matwijiw I, Taylor PJ, Salamon EA, Kredentser JV, Faiman C. Should androgen levels be measured in hirsute women with normal menstrual cycles?. Int J Fertil. Nov-Dec 1992;37(6):354-7. [Medline].
Moncada E. Familial study of hirsutism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Nov 1970;31(5):556-64. [Medline].
Govind A, Obhrai MS, Clayton RN. Polycystic ovaries are inherited as an autosomal dominant trait: analysis of 29 polycystic ovary syndrome and 10 control families. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Jan 1999;84(1):38-43. [Medline].
Lowenstein EJ. Diagnosis and management of the dermatologic manifestations of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Dermatol Ther. Jul-Aug 2006;19(4):210-23. [Medline].
Ferriman D, Gallwey JD. Clinical assessment of body hair growth in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Nov 1961;21:1440-7. [Medline].
Cela E, Robertson C, Rush K, Kousta E, White DM, Wilson H, et al. Prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with androgenic alopecia. Eur J Endocrinol. Nov 2003;149(5):439-42. [Medline].
Kahana M, Grossman E, Feinstein A, Ronnen M, Cohen M, Millet MS. Skin tags: a cutaneous marker for diabetes mellitus. Acta Derm Venereol. 1987;67(2):175-7. [Medline].
Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med. Sep 28 1995;333(13):853-61. [Medline].
Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Escobar-Morreale HF, Futterweit W, et al. The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report. Fertil Steril. Feb 2009;91(2):456-88. [Medline].
Azziz R, Sanchez LA, Knochenhauer ES, et al. Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Feb 2004;89(2):453-62. [Medline].
Dennedy MC, Smith D, O'Shea D, McKenna TJ. Investigation of patients with atypical or severe hyperandrogenaemia including androgen-secreting ovarian teratoma. Eur J Endocrinol. Feb 2010;162(2):213-20. [Medline].
Carmina E, Lobo RA. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): arguably the most common endocrinopathy is associated with significant morbidity in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Jun 1999;84(6):1897-9. [Medline].
Landay M, Huang A, Azziz R. Degree of hyperinsulinemia, independent of androgen levels, is an important determinant of the severity of hirsutism in PCOS. Fertil Steril. Aug 2009;92(2):643-7. [Medline].
Flier JS, Eastman RC, Minaker KL, Matteson D, Rowe JW. Acanthosis nigricans in obese women with hyperandrogenism. Characterization of an insulin-resistant state distinct from the type A and B syndromes. Diabetes. Feb 1985;34(2):101-7. [Medline].
Barbieri RL, Ryan KJ. Hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans syndrome: a common endocrinopathy with distinct pathophysiologic features. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Sep 1 1983;147(1):90-101. [Medline].
Legro RS. Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: treating a phenotype without a genotype. Mol Cell Endocrinol. Oct 25 1998;145(1-2):103-10. [Medline].
Barth JH, Jenkins M, Belchetz PE. Ovarian hyperthecosis, diabetes and hirsuties in post-menopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). Feb 1997;46(2):123-8. [Medline].
Lobo RA. Ovarian hyperandrogenism and androgen-producing tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. Dec 1991;20(4):773-805. [Medline].
Speiser PW, White PC. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. N Engl J Med. Aug 21 2003;349(8):776-88. [Medline].
Azziz R, Dewailly D, Owerbach D. Clinical review 56: Nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia: current concepts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Apr 1994;78(4):810-5. [Medline].
Howlett TA, Rees LH, Besser GM. Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol Metab. Nov 1985;14(4):911-45. [Medline].
Reyss AC, Dewailly D. Cushing's Syndrome, Acromegaly, and Androgen Excess. In: Azziz R, Dewailly D. Contemporary Endocrinology: Androgen Excess Disorders in Women:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Other Disorders. 2nd. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press Incorp; 2006:87-7.
Orth DN. Cushing's syndrome. N Engl J Med. Mar 23 1995;332(12):791-803. [Medline].
Derksen J, Nagesser SK, Meinders AE, Haak HR, van de Velde CJ. Identification of virilizing adrenal tumors in hirsute women. N Engl J Med. Oct 13 1994;331(15):968-73. [Medline].
Latronico AC, Chrousos GP. Extensive personal experience: adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. May 1997;82(5):1317-24. [Medline].
Wu CH. Plasma androgens, progestins, and prolactin in hirsutism. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. Sep 1982;13(6):377-87. [Medline].
Hagag P, Hertzianu I, Ben-Shlomo A, Weiss M. Androgen suppression and clinical improvement with dopamine agonists in hyperandrogenic-hyperprolactinemic women. J Reprod Med. Jul 2001;46(7):678-84. [Medline].
Martin KA, Chang RJ, Ehrmann DA, Ibanez L, Lobo RA, Rosenfield RL, et al. Evaluation and treatment of hirsutism in premenopausal women: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Apr 2008;93(4):1105-20. [Medline].
The evaluation and treatment of androgen excess. Fertil Steril. Nov 2006;86(5 Suppl 1):S241-7. [Medline].
Somani N, Harrison S, Bergfeld WF. The clinical evaluation of hirsutism. Dermatol Ther. Sep-Oct 2008;21(5):376-91. [Medline].
Escobar-Morreale HF, Carmina E, Dewailly D, et al. Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of hirsutism: a consensus statement by the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society. Hum Reprod Update. Mar 2012;18(2):146-70. [Medline].
[Guideline] ACOG technical bulletin. Evaluation and treatment of hirsute. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1995;49:341-6. [Medline].
Hoffman DI, Klove K, Lobo RA. The prevalence and significance of elevated dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in anovulatory women. Fertil Steril. Jul 1984;42(1):76-81. [Medline].
Hunter MH, Carek PJ. Evaluation and treatment of women with hirsutism. Am Fam Physician. Jun 15 2003;67(12):2565-72. [Medline].
Azziz R, Hincapie LA, Knochenhauer ES, Dewailly D, Fox L, Boots LR. Screening for 21-hydroxylase-deficient nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia among hyperandrogenic women: a prospective study. Fertil Steril. Nov 1999;72(5):915-25. [Medline].
Benacerraf BR, Finkler NJ, Wojciechowski C, Knapp RC. Sonographic accuracy in the diagnosis of ovarian masses. J Reprod Med. May 1990;35(5):491-5. [Medline].
Blake MA, Holalkere NS, Boland GW. Imaging techniques for adrenal lesion characterization. Radiol Clin North Am. Jan 2008;46(1):65-78, vi. [Medline].
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Position Statement on Metabolic and Cardiovascular Consequences of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Endocr Pract. Mar-Apr 2005;11(2):126-34. [Medline].
Salley KE, Wickham EP, Cheang KI, Essah PA, Karjane NW, Nestler JE. Glucose intolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome--a position statement of the Androgen Excess Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Dec 2007;92(12):4546-56. [Medline].
International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care. Jul 2009;32(7):1327-34. [Medline].
Waldstreicher J, Santoro NF, Hall JE, Filicori M, Crowley WF Jr. Hyperfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in women with polycystic ovarian disease: indirect evidence for partial gonadotroph desensitization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Jan 1988;66(1):165-72. [Medline].
Ibáñez L, Potau N, Zampolli M, Prat N, Gussinyé M, Saenger P, et al. Source localization of androgen excess in adolescent girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Dec 1994;79(6):1778-84. [Medline].
Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Garner SE. Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Jul 8 2009;CD004425. [Medline].
Hundal RS, Krssak M, Dufour S, Laurent D, Lebon V, Chandramouli V, et al. Mechanism by which metformin reduces glucose production in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. Dec 2000;49(12):2063-9. [Medline].
Florez H, Luo J, Castillo-Florez S, Mitsi G, Hanna J, Tamariz L. Impact of metformin-induced gastrointestinal symptoms on quality of life and adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes. Postgrad Med. Mar 2010;122(2):112-20. [Medline].
Tan S, Hahn S, Benson S, Dietz T, Lahner H, Moeller LC. Metformin improves polycystic ovary syndrome symptoms irrespective of pre-treatment insulin resistance. Eur J Endocrinol. Nov 2007;157(5):669-76. [Medline].
Palomba S, Pasquali R, Orio F Jr, Nestler JE. Clomiphene citrate, metformin or both as first-step approach in treating anovulatory infertility in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a systematic review of head-to-head randomized controlled studies and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). Feb 2009;70(2):311-21. [Medline].
Brown J, Farquhar C, Lee O, Toomath R, Jepson RG. Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Apr 15 2009;CD000194. [Medline].
Hickman JG, Huber F, Palmisano M. Human dermal safety studies with eflornithine HCl 13.9% cream (Vaniqa), a novel treatment for excessive facial hair. Curr Med Res Opin. 2001;16(4):235-44. [Medline].
Abroms L, Maibach E, Lyon-Daniel K, Feldman SR. What is the best approach to reducing birth defects associated with isotretinoin?. PLoS Med. Nov 2006;3(11):e483. [Medline].
Consensus on infertility treatment related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. Mar 2008;23(3):462-77. [Medline].
Shenenberger DW, Utecht LM. Removal of unwanted facial hair. Am Fam Physician. Nov 15 2002;66(10):1907-11. [Medline].
Pasquali R, Antenucci D, Casimirri F, Venturoli S, Paradisi R, Fabbri R, et al. Clinical and hormonal characteristics of obese amenorrheic hyperandrogenic women before and after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Jan 1989;68(1):173-9. [Medline].
Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, Haskell WL, Macera CA, Bouchard C, et al. Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA. Feb 1 1995;273(5):402-7. [Medline].
Clark AM, Thornley B, Tomlinson L, Galletley C, Norman RJ. Weight loss in obese infertile women results in improvement in reproductive outcome for all forms of fertility treatment. Hum Reprod. Jun 1998;13(6):1502-5. [Medline].
Cumming DC, Yang JC, Rebar RW, Yen SS. Treatment of hirsutism with spironolactone. JAMA. Mar 5 1982;247(9):1295-8. [Medline].
Board JA, Rosenberg SM, Smeltzer JS. Spironolactone and estrogen-progestin therapy for hirsutism. South Med J. Apr 1987;80(4):483-6. [Medline].
Cusan L, Dupont A, Gomez JL, Tremblay RR, Labrie F. Comparison of flutamide and spironolactone in the treatment of hirsutism: a randomized controlled trial. Fertil Steril. Feb 1994;61(2):281-7. [Medline].
Van der Spuy ZM, le Roux PA. Cyproterone acetate for hirsutism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;CD001125. [Medline].
Wysowski DK, Freiman JP, Tourtelot JB, Horton ML 3rd. Fatal and nonfatal hepatotoxicity associated with flutamide. Ann Intern Med. Jun 1 1993;118(11):860-4. [Medline].
Wong IL, Morris RS, Chang L, Spahn MA, Stanczyk FZ, Lobo RA. A prospective randomized trial comparing finasteride to spironolactone in the treatment of hirsute women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Jan 1995;80(1):233-8. [Medline].
Erenus M, Yücelten D, Durmusoglu F, Gürbüz O. Comparison of finasteride versus spironolactone in the treatment of idiopathic hirsutism. Fertil Steril. Dec 1997;68(6):1000-3. [Medline].
Erickson GF, Magoffin DA, Dyer CA, Hofeditz C. The ovarian androgen producing cells: a review of structure/function relationships. Endocr Rev. Summer 1985;6(3):371-99. [Medline].
Nestler JE, Powers LP, Matt DW, Steingold KA, Plymate SR, Rittmaster RS, et al. A direct effect of hyperinsulinemia on serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels in obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Jan 1991;72(1):83-9. [Medline].
Ehrmann DA, Cavaghan MK, Imperial J, Sturis J, Rosenfield RL, Polonsky KS. Effects of metformin on insulin secretion, insulin action, and ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Feb 1997;82(2):524-30. [Medline].
Ibáñez L, Valls C, Potau N, Marcos MV, de Zegher F. Sensitization to insulin in adolescent girls to normalize hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, oligomenorrhea, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinism after precocious pubarche. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Oct 2000;85(10):3526-30. [Medline].
Pasquali R, Gambineri A, Biscotti D, Vicennati V, Gagliardi L, Colitta D, et al. Effect of long-term treatment with metformin added to hypocaloric diet on body composition, fat distribution, and androgen and insulin levels in abdominally obese women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Aug 2000;85(8):2767-74. [Medline].
Sturrock ND, Lannon B, Fay TN. Metformin does not enhance ovulation induction in clomiphene resistant polycystic ovary syndrome in clinical practice. Br J Clin Pharmacol. May 2002;53(5):469-73. [Medline].
Costello M, Shrestha B, Eden J, Sjoblom P, Johnson N. Insulin-sensitising drugs versus the combined oral contraceptive pill for hirsutism, acne and risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and endometrial cancer in polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Jan 24 2007;CD005552. [Medline].
Cosma M, Swiglo BA, Flynn DN, Kurtz DM, Labella ML, Mullan RJ, et al. Clinical review: Insulin sensitizers for the treatment of hirsutism: a systematic review and metaanalyses of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Apr 2008;93(4):1135-42. [Medline].
| Body Area Evaluated | Score (Graded from 0-4*) |
| Upper lip | |
| Chin | |
| Upper abdomen | |
| Lower abdomen | |
| Upper arm | |
| Thighs | |
| Upper back | |
| Lower back/buttocks | |
| *0 = No hirsutism, 4 = Severe hirsutism | |

