eMedicine Specialties > Oncology > Carcinomas of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Esophageal Cancer: Multimedia
Updated: Oct 24, 2009
Multimedia
![]() | Media file 1: Cascade of events that lead from gastroesophageal reflux disease to adenocarcinoma. |
![]() | Media file 2: Barium swallow demonstrating stricture due to cancer. |
![]() | Media file 3: Barium swallow demonstrating an endoluminal mass in the mid esophagus. |
![]() | Media file 4: Endoscopy demonstrating intraluminal esophageal cancer. |
![]() | Media file 5: Chest CT scan showing invasion of the trachea by esophageal cancer. |
![]() | Media file 6: Transhiatal esophagectomy in which (a) is the abdominal incision, (b) is the cervical incision, and (c) is the stomach stretching from abdomen to the neck. |
![]() | Media file 7: TNM staging of esophageal cancer. |
![]() | Media file 8: Five-year survival for esophageal cancer based on TNM stage. |
More on Esophageal Cancer |
| Overview: Esophageal Cancer |
| Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Esophageal Cancer |
| Treatment & Medication: Esophageal Cancer |
| Follow-up: Esophageal Cancer |
Multimedia: Esophageal Cancer |
| References |
| « Previous Page |
References
Torek F. The first successful resection of the thoracic portion of the esophagus for carcinoma. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1913;16:614-17.
Ohsawa T. Surgery of the esophagus. Arch Jpn Chir. 1933;10:605-8.
Marshall SF. Carcinoma of the esophagus: successful resection of lower end of esophagus with reestablishment of esophageal gastric continuity. Surg Clin North Amer. 1938;18:643.
Morson BC, Belcher JR. Adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and ectopic gastric mucosa. Br J Cancer. Jun 1952;6(2):127-30. [Medline].
Naef AP, Savary M, Ozzello L. Columnar-lined lower esophagus: an acquired lesion with malignant predisposition. Report on 140 cases of Barrett's esophagus with 12 adenocarcinomas. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Nov 1975;70(5):826-35. [Medline].
Tilanus HW. Changing patterns in the treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1995;212:38-42. [Medline].
Casson AG, Manolopoulos B, Troster M, et al. Clinical implications of p53 gene mutation in the progression of Barrett's epithelium to invasive esophageal cancer. Am J Surg. Jan 1994;167(1):52-7. [Medline].
Herskovic A, Martz K, al-Sarraf M, et al. Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in patients with cancer of the esophagus. N Engl J Med. Jun 11 1992;326(24):1593-8. [Medline].
[Guideline] Wong RK, Malthaner RA, Zuraw L, Rumble RB,. Combined modality radiotherapy and chemotherapy in nonsurgical management of localized carcinoma of the esophagus: a practice guideline. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. Mar 15 2003;55(4):930-42. [Medline].
[Best Evidence] Homs MY, v d Gaast A, Siersema PD, et al. Chemotherapy for metastatic carcinoma of the esophagus and gastro-esophageal junction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Oct 18 2006;CD004063. [Medline].
Walsh TN, Noonan N, Hollywood D, et al. A comparison of multimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma [published erratum appears in N Engl J Med 1999 Jul 29;341(5):384]. N Engl J Med. Aug 15 1996;335(7):462-7. [Medline].
Bosset JF, Gignoux M, Triboulet JP, et al. Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone in squamous-cell cancer of the esophagus. N Engl J Med. Jul 17 1997;337(3):161-7. [Medline].
Esophageal Cancer. In: Adami HO, Hunter D, Trichopoulos D. A Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press; 7:137-54.
Akiyama H, Tsurumaru M, Udagawa H, et al. Radical lymph node dissection for cancer of the thoracic esophagus. Ann Surg. Sep 1994;220(3):364-72; discussion 372-3. [Medline].
American Cancer Society. Statistics for 2008. [Full Text].
Cameron AJ, Ott BJ, Payne WS. The incidence of adenocarcinoma in columnar-lined (Barrett's) esophagus. N Engl J Med. Oct 3 1985;313(14):857-9. [Medline].
Esophageal cancer. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni J, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press; 33:681-706.
Cancers of the Gastrointestinal Tract. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 8th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008:33:1037-42.
Chang AC, Ji H, Birkmeyer NJ, et al. Outcomes after transhiatal and transthoracic esophagectomy for cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. Feb 2008;85(2):424-9. [Medline].
Chu KM, Law SY, Fok M, et al. A prospective randomized comparison of transhiatal and transthoracic resection for lower-third esophageal carcinoma. Am J Surg. Sep 1997;174(3):320-4. [Medline].
Cooper JS, Guo MD, Herskovic A, et al. Chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced esophageal cancer: long-term follow-up of a prospective randomized trial (RTOG 85-01). Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. JAMA. May 5 1999;281(17):1623-7. [Medline].
[Best Evidence] Cunningham D, Allum WH, Stenning SP, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N Engl J Med. Jul 6 2006;355(1):11-20. [Medline].
Dittler HJ, Siewert JR. Role of endoscopic ultrasonography in esophageal carcinoma. Endoscopy. Feb 1993;25(2):156-61. [Medline].
Edwards MJ, Gable DR, Lentsch AB, et al. The rationale for esophagectomy as the optimal therapy for Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Ann Surg. May 1996;223(5):585-9; discussion 589-91. [Medline].
Ellis FH Jr. Standard resection for cancer of the esophagus and cardia. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. Apr 1999;8(2):279-94. [Medline].
Ferguson MK, Durkin A. Long-term survival after esophagectomy for Barrett's adenocarcinoma in endoscopically surveyed and nonsurveyed patients. J Gastrointest Surg. Jan-Feb 2002;6(1):29-35; discussion 36. [Medline].
Fok M, Cheng SW, Wong J. Pyloroplasty versus no drainage in gastric replacement of the esophagus. Am J Surg. Nov 1991;162(5):447-52. [Medline].
Forastiere AA, Orringer MB, Perez-Tamayo C, et al. Preoperative chemoradiation followed by transhiatal esophagectomy for carcinoma of the esophagus: final report. J Clin Oncol. Jun 1993;11(6):1118-23. [Medline].
[Best Evidence] Gebski V, Burmeister B, Smithers BM, et al. Survival benefits from neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy in oesophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. Mar 2007;8(3):226-34. [Medline].
Gerhart CD. Hand-assisted laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy using the dexterity pneumo sleeve. JSLS. Jul-Sep 1998;2(3):295-8. [Medline].
Gluch L, Smith RC, Bambach CP, et al. Comparison of outcomes following transhiatal or Ivor Lewis esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma. World J Surg. Mar 1999;23(3):271-5; discussion 275-6. [Medline].
Goldminc M, Maddern G, Le Prise E, et al. Oesophagectomy by a transhiatal approach or thoracotomy: a prospective randomized trial. Br J Surg. Mar 1993;80(3):367-70. [Medline].
Hankins JR, Attar S, Coughlin TR Jr, et al. Carcinoma of the esophagus: a comparison of the results of transhiatal versus transthoracic resection. Ann Thorac Surg. May 1989;47(5):700-5. [Medline].
Hofstetter W, Correa AM, Bekele N, et al. Proposed modification of nodal status in AJCC esophageal cancer staging system. Ann Thorac Surg. Aug 2007;84(2):365-73; discussion 374-5. [Medline].
Jaklitsch MT, Harpole DH Jr, Healey EA, et al. Current Issues in the Staging of Esophageal Cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol. Jul 1994;4(3):135-145. [Medline].
Jankowski JA, Wright NA, Meltzer SJ, et al. Molecular evolution of the metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence in the esophagus. Am J Pathol. Apr 1999;154(4):965-73. [Medline].
Javeri H, Arora R, Correa AM, et al. Influence of induction chemotherapy and class of cytotoxics on pathologic response and survival after preoperative chemoradiation in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer. Jul 12 2008;[Medline].
Kantarjian HM, Robert A, et al. Carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric carcinoma. In: The MD Anderson Manual of Medical Oncology. McGraw-Hill; 2006:14:315-348.
Kirby TJ, Rice TW. The epidemiology of esophageal carcinoma. The changing face of a disease. Chest Surg Clin N Am. May 1994;4(2):217-25. [Medline].
Knyrim K, Wagner HJ, Bethge N, et al. A controlled trial of an expansile metal stent for palliation of esophageal obstruction due to inoperable cancer. N Engl J Med. Oct 28 1993;329(18):1302-7. [Medline].
Koppert LB, Wijnhoven BP, van Dekken H, et al. The molecular biology of esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol. Dec 1 2005;92(3):169-90. [Medline].
Krasna MJ, Mao YS. Making sense of multimodality therapy for esophageal cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. Apr 1999;8(2):259-78. [Medline].
Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Lindgren A, et al. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. Mar 18 1999;340(11):825-31. [Medline].
Le Prise E, Etienne PL, Meunier B, et al. A randomized study of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery versus surgery for localized squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer. Apr 1 1994;73(7):1779-84. [Medline].
Leichman L, Steiger Z, Seydel HG, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy for patients with cancer of the esophagus: a potentially curative approach. J Clin Oncol. Feb 1984;2(2):75-9. [Medline].
Levine DS, Blount PL, Rudolph RE, et al. Safety of a systematic endoscopic biopsy protocol in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. May 2000;95(5):1152-7. [Medline].
Lightdale CJ, Heier SK, Marcon NE, et al. Photodynamic therapy with porfimer sodium versus thermal ablation therapy with Nd:YAG laser for palliation of esophageal cancer: a multicenter randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc. Dec 1995;42(6):507-12. [Medline].
Luketich JD, Nguyen NT, Weigel T, et al. Minimally invasive approach to esophagectomy. JSLS. Jul-Sep 1998;2(3):243-7. [Medline].
Mariette C, Piessen G, Triboulet JP. Therapeutic strategies in oesophageal carcinoma: role of surgery and other modalities. Lancet Oncol. Jun 2007;8(6):545-53. [Medline].
Martin LW, Swisher SG, Hofstetter W, et al. Intrathoracic leaks following esophagectomy are no longer associated with increased mortality. Ann Surg. Sep 2005;242(3):392-9; discussion 399-402. [Medline].
Nguyen NT, Roberts P, Follette DM, et al. Thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy for benign and malignant disease: lessons learned from 46 consecutive procedures. J Am Coll Surg. Dec 2003;197(6):902-13. [Medline].
Nygaard K, Hagen S, Hansen HS, et al. Pre-operative radiotherapy prolongs survival in operable esophageal carcinoma: a randomized, multicenter study of pre-operative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The second Scandinavian trial in esophageal cancer. World J Surg. Nov-Dec 1992;16(6):1104-9; discussion 1110. [Medline].
O'Donovan PB. The radiographic evaluation of the patient with esophageal carcinoma. Chest Surg Clin N Am. May 1994;4(2):241-56. [Medline].
Orringer MB, Marshall B, Iannettoni MD. Transhiatal esophagectomy: clinical experience and refinements. Ann Surg. Sep 1999;230(3):392-400; discussion 400-3. [Medline].
Panjehpour M, Overholt BF, Haydek JM, et al. Results of photodynamic therapy for ablation of dysplasia and early cancer in Barrett's esophagus and effect of oral steroids on stricture formation. Am J Gastroenterol. Sep 2000;95(9):2177-84. [Medline].
Parker SL, Tong T, Bolden S, et al. Cancer statistics, 1996. CA Cancer J Clin. Jan-Feb 1996;46(1):5-27. [Medline].
Patti MG, Corvera CU, Glasgow RE, et al. A hospital's annual rate of esophagectomy influences the operative mortality rate. J Gastrointest Surg. Mar-Apr 1998;2(2):186-92. [Medline].
Patti MG, Owen D. Prognostic factors in esophageal cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. Jul 1997;6(3):515-31. [Medline].
Patti MG, Wiener-Kronish JP, Way LW, et al. Impact of transhiatal esophagectomy on cardiac and respiratory function. Am J Surg. Dec 1991;162(6):563-6; discussion 566-7. [Medline].
Pennathur A, Luketich JD. Resection for esophageal cancer: strategies for optimal management. Ann Thorac Surg. Feb 2008;85(2):S751-6. [Medline].
Rice TW, Kirby TJ. The assessment of patients undergoing esophagectomy. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Oct 1992;4(4):263-9. [Medline].
Schneider PM, Casson AG, Levin B, et al. Mutations of p53 in Barrett's esophagus and Barrett's cancer: a prospective study of ninety-eight cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Feb 1996;111(2):323-31; discussion 331-3. [Medline].
Stewart JR, Hoff SJ, Johnson DH, et al. Improved survival with neoadjuvant therapy and resection for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Ann Surg. Oct 1993;218(4):571-6; discussion 576-8. [Medline].
Urba SG, Orringer MB, Turrisi A, et al. Randomized trial of preoperative chemoradiation versus surgery alone in patients with locoregional esophageal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. Jan 15 2001;19(2):305-13. [Medline].
Wang KK, Wongkeesong M, Buttar NS. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the role of the gastroenterologist in the management of esophageal carcinoma. Gastroenterology. May 2005;128(5):1471-505. [Medline].
Weber WA, Ott K. Imaging of esophageal and gastric cancer. Semin Oncol. Aug 2004;31(4):530-41. [Medline].
Williamson WA, Ellis FH Jr, Gibb SP, et al. Effect of antireflux operation on Barrett's mucosa. Ann Thorac Surg. Apr 1990;49(4):537-41; discussion 541-2. [Medline].
Zhang J, Zhang YW, Chen ZW, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy of cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin for complete resectable esophageal cancer: a case-matched cohort study in east China. Dis Esophagus. 2008;21(3):207-13. [Medline].
Further Reading
Keywords
esophageal cancer, esophagus cancer, Barrett epithelium, Barrett's epithelium, Barrett esophagus, Barrett's esophagus, gastrointestinal reflux disease, GERD, esophageal adenocarcinoma, esophagus adenocarcinoma, esophagus carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, reflux disease, squamous cell carcinoma
















Multimedia: Esophageal Cancer