-
Yingna S, Yang X, Xiuyu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics and treatment of gestational trophoblastic tumor with vaginal metastasis. Gynecol Oncol. 2002 Mar. 84(3):416-9. [Medline].
-
Grumbine FC, Rosenshein NB, Brereton HD, et al. Management of liver metastasis from gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980 Aug 15. 137(8):959-61. [Medline].
-
Soper JT, Mutch DG, Chin N, et al. Renal metastases of gestational trophoblastic disease: a report of eight cases. Obstet Gynecol. 1988 Nov. 72(5):796-8. [Medline].
-
Smith HO, Kohorn E, Cole LA. Choriocarcinoma and gestational trophoblastic disease. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2005 Dec. 32(4):661-84. [Medline].
-
Kohorn EI. Negotiating a staging and risk factor scoring system for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. A progress report. J Reprod Med. 2002 Jun. 47(6):445-50. [Medline].
-
Soper JT, Clarke-Pearson DL, Berchuck A, et al. 5-day methotrexate for women with metastatic gestational trophoblastic disease. Gynecol Oncol. 1994 Jul. 54(1):76-9. [Medline].
-
Foulmann K, Guastalla JP, Caminet N, et al. What is the best protocol of single-agent methotrexate chemotherapy in nonmetastatic or low-risk metastatic gestational trophoblastic tumors? A review of the evidence. Gynecol Oncol. 2006 Jul. 102(1):103-10. [Medline].
-
Roberts JP, Lurain JR. Treatment of low-risk metastatic gestational trophoblastic tumors with single-agent chemotherapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Jun. 174(6):1917-23; discussion 1923-4. [Medline].
-
Matsui H, Suzuka K, Yamazawa K, et al. Relapse rate of patients with low-risk gestational trophoblastic tumor initially treated with single-agent chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol. 2005 Mar. 96(3):616-20. [Medline].
-
Kohorn EI. Is lack of response to single-agent chemotherapy in gestational trophoblastic disease associated with dose scheduling or chemotherapy resistance?. Gynecol Oncol. 2002 Apr. 85(1):36-9. [Medline].
-
Homesley HD, Blessing JA, Schlaerth J, et al. Rapid escalation of weekly intramuscular methotrexate for nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic disease: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 1990 Dec. 39(3):305-8. [Medline].
-
Ngan HY, Odicino F, Maisonneuve P, Creasman WT, Beller U, Quinn MA, et al. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. FIGO 6th Annual Report on the Results of Treatment in Gynecological Cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2006 Nov. 95 Suppl 1:S193-203. [Medline].
-
Lurain JR. Advances in management of high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumors. J Reprod Med. 2002 Jun. 47(6):451-9. [Medline].
-
Lurain JR, Singh DK, Schink JC. Primary treatment of metastatic high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia with EMA-CO chemotherapy. J Reprod Med. 2006 Oct. 51(10):767-72. [Medline].
-
Lehman E, Gershenson DM, Burke TW, et al. Salvage surgery for chemorefractory gestational trophoblastic disease. J Clin Oncol. 1994 Dec. 12(12):2737-42. [Medline].
-
Escobar PF, Lurain JR, Singh DK, et al. Treatment of high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia with etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol. 2003 Dec. 91(3):552-7. [Medline].
-
Xiang Y, Sun Z, Wan X, et al. EMA/EP chemotherapy for chemorefractory gestational trophoblastic tumor. J Reprod Med. 2004 Jun. 49(6):443-6. [Medline].
-
Barnard DE, Woodward KT, Yancy SG, et al. Hepatic metastases of choriocarcinoma: a report of 15 patients. Gynecol Oncol. 1986 Sep. 25(1):73-83. [Medline].
-
Yordan EL Jr, Schlaerth J, Gaddis O, et al. Radiation therapy in the management of gestational choriocarcinoma metastatic to the central nervous system. Obstet Gynecol. 1987 Apr. 69(4):627-30. [Medline].
-
Cagayan MS, Lu-Lasala LR. Management of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia with metastasis to the central nervous system: A 12-year review at the Philippine General Hospital. J Reprod Med. 2006 Oct. 51(10):785-92. [Medline].
-
Schechter NR, Mychalczak B, Jones W, et al. Prognosis of patients treated with whole-brain radiation therapy for metastatic gestational trophoblastic disease. Gynecol Oncol. 1998 Feb. 68(2):183-92. [Medline].
-
Soper JT, Spillman M, Sampson JH, et al. High-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia with brain metastases: individualized multidisciplinary therapy in the management of four patients. Gynecol Oncol. 2007 Mar. 104(3):691-4. [Medline].
-
Rojas-Espaillat L, Houck KL, Hernandez E, et al. Fertility-sparing surgery for persistent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia in the myometrium: a case report. J Reprod Med. 2007 May. 52(5):431-4. [Medline].
-
Jones WB, Romain K, Erlandson RA, et al. Thoracotomy in the management of gestational choriocarcinoma. A clinicopathologic study. Cancer. 1993 Oct 1. 72(7):2175-81. [Medline].
-
Carlson N, Winter WE 3rd, Krivak TC, et al. Successful management of metastatic placental site trophoblastic tumor with multiple pulmonary resections. Gynecol Oncol. 2002 Oct. 87(1):146-9. [Medline].
-
Hammond CB, Weed JC Jr, Currie JL. The role of operation in the current therapy of gestational trophoblastic disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980 Apr 1. 136(7):844-58. [Medline].
-
Suzuka K, Matsui H, Iitsuka Y, et al. Adjuvant hysterectomy in low-risk gestational trophoblastic disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Mar. 97(3):431-4. [Medline].
-
van Trommel NE, Massuger LF, Verheijen RH, et al. The curative effect of a second curettage in persistent trophoblastic disease: a retrospective cohort survey. Gynecol Oncol. 2005 Oct. 99(1):6-13. [Medline].
-
Berkowitz BJ, Jones JG, Merkatz IR, et al. Ovarian conservation in placental site trophoblastic tumor. Gynecol Oncol. 1990 May. 37(2):239-43. [Medline].
-
Soper JT. Gestational trophoblastic disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Jul. 108(1):176-87. [Medline].
-
Agarwal R, Teoh S, Short D, et al. Chemotherapy and human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations 6 months after uterine evacuation of molar pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2012 Jan 14. 379(9811):130-5. [Medline].
-
Yuen BH, Cannon W. Molar pregnancy in British Columbia: estimated incidence and postevacuation regression patterns of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981 Feb 1. 139(3):316-9. [Medline].
-
Goto S, Yamada A, Ishizuka T, et al. Development of postmolar trophoblastic disease after partial molar pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol. 1993 Feb. 48(2):165-70. [Medline].
-
Hancock BW, Tidy JA. Current management of molar pregnancy. J Reprod Med. 2002 May. 47(5):347-54. [Medline].
-
Watson EJ, Hernandez E, Miyazawa K. Partial hydatidiform moles: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1987 Sep. 42(9):540-4. [Medline].
-
Cheung AN, Khoo US, Lai CY, et al. Metastatic trophoblastic disease after an initial diagnosis of partial hydatidiform mole: genotyping and chromosome in situ hybridization analysis. Cancer. 2004 Apr 1. 100(7):1411-7. [Medline].
-
Menczer J, Girtler O, Zajdel L, et al. Metastatic trophoblastic disease following partial hydatidiform mole: case report and literature review. Gynecol Oncol. 1999 Aug. 74(2):304-7. [Medline].
-
Lurain JR, Sand PK, Brewer JI. Choriocarcinoma associated with ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1986 Aug. 68(2):286-7. [Medline].
-
Baergen RN, Rutgers JL, Young RH, et al. Placental site trophoblastic tumor: A study of 55 cases and review of the literature emphasizing factors of prognostic significance. Gynecol Oncol. 2006 Mar. 100(3):511-20. [Medline].
-
Tsuji Y, Tsubamoto H, Hori M, et al. Case of PSTT treated with chemotherapy followed by open uterine tumor resection to preserve fertility. Gynecol Oncol. 2002 Dec. 87(3):303-7. [Medline].
-
Nigam S, Singhal N, Kumar Gupta S, et al. Placental site trophoblastic tumor in a postmenopausal female--a case report. Gynecol Oncol. 2004 May. 93(2):550-3. [Medline].
-
Hassadia A, Gillespie A, Tidy J, et al. Placental site trophoblastic tumour: clinical features and management. Gynecol Oncol. 2005 Dec. 99(3):603-7. [Medline].
-
Zhao J, Xiang Y, Wan XR, et al. Clinical and pathologic characteristics and prognosis of placental site trophoblastic tumor. J Reprod Med. 2006 Dec. 51(12):939-44. [Medline].
-
Papadopoulos AJ, Foskett M, Seckl MJ, et al. Twenty-five years' clinical experience with placental site trophoblastic tumors. J Reprod Med. 2002 Jun. 47(6):460-4. [Medline].
-
Grimes DA. Epidemiology of gestational trophoblastic disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984 Oct 1. 150(3):309-18. [Medline].
-
McDonald TW, Ruffolo EH. Modern management of gestational trophoblastic disease. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1983 Feb. 38(2):67-83. [Medline].
-
Palmer JR. Advances in the epidemiology of gestational trophoblastic disease. J Reprod Med. 1994 Mar. 39(3):155-62. [Medline].
-
Chakrabarti BK, Mondal NR, Chatterjee T. Gestational trophoblastic tumor at a tertiary level cancer center: a retrospective study. J Reprod Med. 2006 Nov. 51(11):875-8. [Medline].
-
Smith HO, Qualls CR, Prairie BA, et al. Trends in gestational choriocarcinoma: a 27-year perspective. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Nov. 102(5 Pt 1):978-87. [Medline].
-
Soper JT, Evans AC, Conaway MR, et al. Evaluation of prognostic factors and staging in gestational trophoblastic tumor. Obstet Gynecol. 1994 Dec. 84(6):969-73. [Medline].
-
Mutch DG, Soper JT, Babcock CJ, et al. Recurrent gestational trophoblastic disease. Experience of the Southeastern Regional Trophoblastic Disease Center. Cancer. 1990 Sep 1. 66(5):978-82. [Medline].
-
Rustin GJ, Newlands ES, Lutz JM, et al. Combination but not single-agent methotrexate chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic tumors increases the incidence of second tumors. J Clin Oncol. 1996 Oct. 14(10):2769-73. [Medline].
-
Matsui H, Iitsuka Y, Suzuka K, et al. Risk of abnormal pregnancy completing chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic tumor. Gynecol Oncol. 2003 Feb. 88(2):104-7. [Medline].
-
Fulop V, Mok SC, Berkowitz RS. Molecular biology of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: a review. J Reprod Med. 2004 Jun. 49(6):415-22. [Medline].
-
Fong PY, Xue WC, Ngan HY, et al. Mcl-1 expression in gestational trophoblastic disease correlates with clinical outcome: a differential expression study. Cancer. 2005 Jan 15. 103(2):268-76. [Medline].
-
Kim SJ, Park SE, Lee C, et al. Altered imprinting, promoter usage, and expression of insulin-like growth factor-II gene in gestational trophoblastic diseases. Gynecol Oncol. 2003 Mar. 88(3):411-8. [Medline].
-
Olsen TG, Barnes AA, King JA. Elevated HCG outside of pregnancy--diagnostic considerations and laboratory evaluation. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2007 Oct. 62(10):669-74; quiz 691. [Medline].
-
Olsen TG, Hubert PR, Nycum LR. Falsely elevated human chorionic gonadotropin leading to unnecessary therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Nov. 98(5 Pt 1):843-5. [Medline].
-
Khanlian SA, Cole LA. Management of gestational trophoblastic disease and other cases with low serum levels of human chorionic gonadotropin. J Reprod Med. 2006 Oct. 51(10):812-8. [Medline].
-
Matsui H, Iitsuka Y, Suzuka K, et al. Salvage chemotherapy for high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumor. J Reprod Med. 2004 Jun. 49(6):438-42. [Medline].
-
Knox S, Brooks SE, Wong-You-Cheong J, et al. Choriocarcinoma and epithelial trophoblastic tumor: successful treatment of relapse with hysterectomy and high-dose chemotherapy with peripheral stem cell support: a case report. Gynecol Oncol. 2002 Apr. 85(1):204-8. [Medline].
-
Ngan HY, Chan FL, Au VW, et al. Clinical outcome of micrometastasis in the lung in stage IA persistent gestational trophoblastic disease. Gynecol Oncol. 1998 Aug. 70(2):192-4. [Medline].
-
Gamer EI, Garrett A, Goldstein DP, et al. Significance of chest computed tomography findings in the evaluation and treatment of persistent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. J Reprod Med. 2004 Jun. 49(6):411-4. [Medline].
-
Fukunaga M. Immunohistochemical characterization of p57(KIP2) expression in early hydatidiform moles. Hum Pathol. 2002 Dec. 33(12):1188-92. [Medline].
-
FIGO staging for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia 2000. FIGO Oncology Committee. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002 Jun. 77(3):285-7. [Medline].
-
Boggs W. New Guideline for Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/811689. Accessed: September 30, 2013.
-
Seckl MJ, Sebire NJ, Fisher RA, et al. Gestational trophoblastic disease: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2013 Sep 1. [Medline].
-
Kashimura Y, Kashimura M, Sugimori H, et al. Prophylactic chemotherapy for hydatidiform mole. Five to 15 years follow-up. Cancer. 1986 Aug 1. 58(3):624-9. [Medline].
-
Massad LS, Abu-Rustum NR, Lee SS, et al. Poor compliance with postmolar surveillance and treatment protocols by indigent women. Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Dec. 96(6):940-4. [Medline].
-
Osborne R, Filiaci V, Schink J, et al. A randomized phase III trial comparing weekly parenteral methotrexate and "pulsed" dactinomycin as primary management for low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2008. 108:S2-S3.
-
Woolas RP, Bower M, Newlands ES, et al. Influence of chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic disease on subsequent pregnancy outcome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998 Sep. 105(9):1032-5. [Medline].
-
Lok CA, van der Houwen C, ten Kate-Booij MJ, et al. Pregnancy after EMA/CO for gestational trophoblastic disease: a report from The Netherlands. BJOG. 2003 Jun. 110(6):560-6. [Medline].