eMedicine Specialties > Oncology > Sarcomas of Soft Tissue and Bone

Kaposi Sarcoma: Differential Diagnoses & Workup

Author: Lewis J Rose, MD, Clinical Associate Professor of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital; Consulting Staff, LRCRZ Associates
Coauthor(s): Ari D Fishman, MD, Fellow, Department of Medical Oncology, Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Joseph A Sparano, MD, Professor of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Cancer Center; Program Director, Director of Breast Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Aug 19, 2008

Differential Diagnoses

Bacillary Angiomatosis

Other Problems to Be Considered

Bacillary angiomatosis: This entity is often difficult to distinguish clinically from Kaposi sarcoma. It is caused by Rochalimaea species, a slow-growing, fastidious, gram-negative bacillus that is readily treated with antibiotics. Bacillary angiomatosis lesions typically possess capillary proliferation and neutrophilic inflammation. In contrast, Kaposi sarcoma lesions display slitlike vascular spaces containing lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates. A skin biopsy is required to establish diagnosis.

Hematoma
Hemangioma
Dermatofibroma
Pyogenic granuloma
Purpura

Workup

Laboratory Studies

CD4 lymphocyte counts and plasma HIV viral-load studies should be performed for patients with HIV infection.

Imaging Studies

  • Chest radiographs: Radiographic findings in patients with Kaposi sarcoma (Kaposi's sarcoma, KS) are variable and nonspecific. They may include diffuse reticulonodular infiltrates, interstitial infiltrates, pleural effusions, hilar or mediastinal lymphadenopathy, or an isolated pulmonary nodule.
  • Thallium or gallium scans: These studies may help to differentiate pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma from infection. Pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma lesions typically demonstrate intense thallium uptake and no gallium uptake, whereas infection is often gallium avid and thallium negative. 
    • This has become less of an issue in the era of HAART. Prior to that, with the decreasing incidence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), there had been an increased incidence of tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI), Kaposi sarcoma, and malignant lymphoma. 
    • In a study performed in the mid 1990s, thallium-positive and gallium-negative pattern of scanning had a sensitivity of 63%, specificity of 95%, positive predictive value of 92%, and negative predictive value of 75%.40 Presently, this type of scanning has little clinical relevance, and diagnosis must be suspected on more clinical grounds.

Other Tests

Prevention

  • Primary Kaposi sarcoma
    • Prophylaxis against exposure to the etiology agents of HIV and HHV-8 is the most effective methods of preventing Kaposi sarcoma. Sexual abstinence, monogamy, condom use, avoidance of IV drug use, and use of sterile needles and syringes are the best methods. 
    • Similar measures are recommended for those who are already infected with HIV to prevent infecting others and to avoid co-infection with other sexually transmitted and hematogenous infections.
  • Secondary Kaposi sarcoma
    • The use of HAART decreases risk of Kaposi sarcoma in patients already infected with HIV and may be equally efficacious in treating Kaposi sarcoma.33
    • As of 2003, an estimated 6 million people in developing nations were urgently in need of HAART. Major efforts are underway to provide such antiretroviral treatment to these people.41

Procedures

  • Punch biopsy: A punch biopsy of the skin or an endoscopic, pleural, or transbronchial biopsy is necessary to establish a definitive diagnosis.
  • Bronchoscopy: Pulmonary involvement is typically characterized by a slightly raised (submucosal) cherry-red lesion. Biopsy is generally avoided due to the risk of bleeding.
  • Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) or colonoscopy: Gastrointestinal lesions are frequently observed. The yield of endoscopic biopsy may be low secondary to the submucosal location of many lesions.

Histologic Findings

Typical histologic findings include proliferation of spindle cells, prominent slitlike vascular spaces, and extravasated red blood cells.

Staging

Kaposi sarcoma does not lend itself to conventional tumor, node, metastases (TNM) classification. It should be individualized and customized for the type of Kaposi sarcoma. Patients with classic (sporadic) Kaposi sarcoma tend to have indolent disease and should not be subjected to extensive evaluation by imaging. A good physical examination, routine laboratories, and confirmatory biopsy may be all that is needed. If there is clinical suspicion for systemic disease, then appropriate imaging and even bronchoscopic or endoscopic procedures may be indicated. 

Although no staging system has been accepted, several have been proposed. Some have included laboratory parameters as well as clinical features. One must remember that most patients with epidemic Kaposi sarcoma, the most common form of the disease in the United States, do not die of the disease. Therefore, factors other than tumor burden may have a role to play in survival. Because of this, the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) has proposed a system based on immune status, extent of tumor involvement, and presence of systemic illnesses. The staging system has not been evaluated prospectively; however, some evidence suggests that it may have prognostic significance.

  • ACTG Kaposi sarcoma staging classification42,1,43
    • Good risk
      • Tumor (T) - Confined to skin and/or lymph nodes and/or minimal nonnodular oral disease limited to the palate
      • Immune system (I) - CD4 greater than 150/mm3
      • Systemic illness (S) - No history of opportunistic infection, thrush, unexplained fevers, more than 10% involuntary weight loss, or diarrhea persisting more than 2 weeks
      • Karnofsky performance status greater than 70
    • Poor risk
      • Tumor (T) - Tumor-associated edema or ulceration, extensive oral Kaposi sarcoma, gastrointestinal Kaposi sarcoma, Kaposi sarcoma in other non-nodal viscera
      • Immune system (I) - CD4 less than 150/mm3
      • Systemic illness (S) - History of opportunistic infection, thrush, unexplained fever, night sweats, more than 10% involuntary weight loss, or other HIV-related illness (ie, lymphoma, neurologic disease)
      • Karnofsky performance status less than 70
      • Other HIV-related illness (concurrent malignancy such as lymphoma or neurologic disease)
    • Good risk is shown with a 0 subscript and poor risk with a 1 subscript. For example, T0, S0, and I0 are good risk, and T1, S1, and I1 are poor risk. In the pre-HAART era, any category with poor risk designated the patient as an overall poor risk. One must remember that previous studies were conducted in the pre-HAART era. HAART has had a clear impact on survival by pushing many patients into the good risk category. Now it appears as though CD4 levels do not carry the same prognostic significance. Two broad categories have been defined, good risk (T0 S0, T1 S0, and T0 S1) and poor risk (T1 S1) in HAART responders. The original TIS classification may instead be more applicable to multidrug-resistant HIV. 
    • Pre-HAART date, confirm the use of the original TIS staging system. Analysis of 294 patients placed on ACTG clinical trials for Kaposi sarcoma in the period from 1989 to 1995 confirmed that each of the variables of tumor, immune system, and systemic illness were independently associated with survival.44 Immune system impairment is the single most important predictor of survival by multivariate analysis. Three adverse prognostic factors for survival include prior or coexistent opportunistic infection (OI), the presence of B symptoms (weight loss, fever, and night sweats), and an absolute CD4 count of less than 300/m L. The most important appears to be opportunistic infection (OI), with a survival of only 7 months versus 20 months without an OI.45
    • An accurate assessment of response to treatment for Kaposi sarcoma is often difficult because the lesions may not be amenable to conventional bidimensional tumor measurements.
  • Standard response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) are not very useful for evaluating treatment effect in Kaposi sarcoma. New Kaposi sarcoma response criteria, using an assessment of the impact of treatment on tumor-related symptoms, are currently being evaluated prospectively.
  • ACTG response criteria establish a cutaneous lesion response as a 50% decrease in total body lesion count and a flattening of 50% of previously raised lesions. Evaluation of visceral and oral Kaposi sarcoma is more difficult because lesions in this type do not lend themselves to measurement by either imaging or physical assessment.

More on Kaposi Sarcoma

Overview: Kaposi Sarcoma
Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Kaposi Sarcoma
Treatment & Medication: Kaposi Sarcoma
Follow-up: Kaposi Sarcoma
Multimedia: Kaposi Sarcoma
References
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

References

  1. DeVita V. AIDS-related malignancies. In: DeVita V, Vincent T Jr, eds. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Clinical Oncology. Vol 8. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins; 2008:2404-2407.

  2. Renwick N, Halaby T, Weverling GJ, et al. Seroconversion for human herpesvirus 8 during HIV infection is highly predictive of Kaposi's sarcoma. AIDS. Dec 24 1998;12(18):2481-8. [Medline].

  3. Jacobson LP, Jenkins FJ, Springer G, et al. Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and human herpesvirus type 8 infections on the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma. J Infect Dis. Jun 2000;181(6):1940-9. [Medline].

  4. Escalon MP and Hagemeister FB. AIDS-Related Malignancies. In: Kantarjian HM, Wolff Ra, and Koller CA. MD Anderson Manual of Medical Oncology. McGraw-Hill; 2006:903-910. [Full Text].

  5. Nawar E, Mbulaiteye SM, Gallant JE, et al. Risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma among HHV-8 seropositive homosexual men with AIDS. Int J Cancer. Jun 10 2005;115(2):296-300. [Medline].

  6. Penn I. Cancer in the immunosuppressed organ recipient. Transplant Proc. Apr 1991;23(2):1771-2. [Medline].

  7. Penn I. Tumors after renal and cardiac transplantation. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. Apr 1993;7(2):431-45. [Medline].

  8. Antman K, Chang Y. Kaposi's sarcoma. N Engl J Med. Apr 6 2000;342(14):1027-38. [Medline].

  9. Franceschi S, Geddes M. Epidemiology of classic Kaposi's sarcoma, with special reference to mediterranean population. Tumori. Sep-Oct 1995;81(5):308-14. [Medline].

  10. Sarid R, Olsen SJ, Moore PS. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: epidemiology, virology, and molecular biology. Adv Virus Res. 1999;52:139-232. [Medline].

  11. Touloumi G, Hatzakis A, Potouridou I, et al. The role of immunosuppression and immune-activation in classic Kaposi's sarcoma. Int J Cancer. Sep 9 1999;82(6):817-21. [Medline].

  12. Stallone G, Schena A, Infante B, et al. Sirolimus for Kaposi's sarcoma in renal-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. Mar 31 2005;352(13):1317-23. [Medline].

  13. Gutiérrez-Dalmau A, Campistol JM. The role of proliferation signal inhibitors in post-transplant malignancies. Nephrol Dial Transplant. May 2007;22 Suppl 1:i11-6. [Medline].

  14. Campistol JM, Eris J, Oberbauer R, et al. Sirolimus therapy after early cyclosporine withdrawal reduces the risk for cancer in adult renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol. Feb 2006;17(2):581-9. [Medline].

  15. Kaloterakis A, Papasteriades C, Filiotou A, et al. HLA in familial and nonfamilial Mediterranean Kaposi's sarcoma in Greece. Tissue Antigens. Feb 1995;45(2):117-9. [Medline].

  16. Calabrò ML, Sheldon J, Favero A, et al. Seroprevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 in several regions of Italy. J Hum Virol. Mar-Apr 1998;1(3):207-13. [Medline].

  17. Iscovich J, Boffetta P, Winkelmann R, Brennan P. Classic Kaposi's sarcoma as a second primary neoplasm. Int J Cancer. Jan 18 1999;80(2):178-82. [Medline].

  18. Fiorelli V, Gendelman R, Sirianni MC, et al. gamma-Interferon produced by CD8+ T cells infiltrating Kaposi's sarcoma induces spindle cells with angiogenic phenotype and synergy with human immunodeficiency virus-1 Tat protein: an immune response to human herpesvirus-8 infection?. Blood. Feb 1 1998;91(3):956-67. [Medline].

  19. Monini P, Colombini S, Sturzl M, et al. Reactivation and persistence of human herpesvirus-8 infection in B cells and monocytes by Th-1 cytokines increased in Kaposi's sarcoma. Blood. Jun 15 1999;93(12):4044-58. [Medline].

  20. Goedert JJ, Vitale F, Lauria C, et al. Risk factors for classical Kaposi's sarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. Nov 20 2002;94(22):1712-8. [Medline].

  21. de-Thé G, Bestetti G, van Beveren M, et al. Prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 infection before the acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome-related epidemic of Kaposi's sarcoma in East Africa. J Natl Cancer Inst. Nov 3 1999;91(21):1888-9. [Medline].

  22. Parkin DM FJ, Hamdi-Cherif M, Sitas F, et al. Kaposi's Sarcoma. In: Cancer in Africa: Epidemiology and Preventiion. 153. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC Scientific Publiciations; 2003:286-294.

  23. Ziegler J, Newton R, Bourboulia D, et al. Risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma: a case-control study of HIV-seronegative people in Uganda. Int J Cancer. Jan 10 2003;103(2):233-40. [Medline].

  24. Osman M, Kubo T, Gill J, et al. Identification of human herpesvirus 8-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses. J Virol. Jul 1999;73(7):6136-40. [Medline].

  25. Sirianni MC, Vincenzi L, Topino S, et al. NK cell activity controls human herpesvirus 8 latent infection and is restored upon highly active antiretroviral therapy in AIDS patients with regressing Kaposi's sarcoma. Eur J Immunol. Oct 2002;32(10):2711-20. [Medline].

  26. Friedman-Kien AE, Saltzman BR, Cao YZ, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV-negative homosexual men. Lancet. Jan 20 1990;335(8682):168-9. [Medline].

  27. Uccini S, Ruco LP, Monardo F, Stoppacciaro A, et al. Co-expression of endothelial cell and macrophage antigens in Kaposi's sarcoma cells. J Pathol. May 1994;173(1):23-31. [Medline].

  28. Duprez R, Lacoste V, Brière J, Couppié P, Frances C, Sainte-Marie D, et al. Evidence for a multiclonal origin of multicentric advanced lesions of Kaposi sarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. Jul 18 2007;99(14):1086-94. [Medline].

  29. Montaner S, Sodhi A, Ramsdell AK, et al. The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor as a therapeutic target for the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma. Cancer Res. Jan 1 2006;66(1):168-74. [Medline].

  30. Grisotto MG, Garin A, Martin AP, et al. The human herpesvirus 8 chemokine receptor vGPCR triggers autonomous proliferation of endothelial cells. J Clin Invest. May 2006;116(5):1264-73. [Medline].

  31. Paulose-Murphy M, Ha NK, Xiang C, et al. Transcription program of human herpesvirus 8 (kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus). J Virol. May 2001;75(10):4843-53. [Medline].

  32. SEER Cancer Statistics Review authored by Reis LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary, CL et al [database online]. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2003.

  33. Scadden D. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. In: Holland JF, Frei E. Cancer Medicine. 6. Hamilton, London: BC Decker Inc; 2003:2259-2275.

  34. Eltom MA, Jemal A, Mbulaiteye SM, et al. Trends in Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence in the United States from 1973 through 1998. J Natl Cancer Inst. Aug 21 2002;94(16):1204-10. [Medline].

  35. Beral V, Peterman TA, Berkelman RL, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma among persons with AIDS: a sexually transmitted infection?. Lancet. Jan 20 1990;335(8682):123-8. [Medline].

  36. Cote TR, Howe HL, Anderson SP, et al. A systemic consideration of the neoplastic spectrum of AIDS: registry linkage in Illinois. AIDS. 1991;5(1):49-53.

  37. [Best Evidence] Stebbing J, Sanitt A, Nelson M, et al. A prognostic index for AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Lancet. May 6 2006;367(9521):1495-502. [Medline].

  38. Maurer T, Ponte M, Leslie K. HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma with a high CD4 count and a low viral load. N Engl J Med. Sep 27 2007;357(13):1352-3. [Medline].

  39. Lee FC, Mitsuyasu RT. Chemotherapy of AIDS--related Kaposi's sarcoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. Oct 1996;10(5):1051-68. [Medline].

  40. Hussein MA, Remzi B, DiFabrizio L, et al. Evaluation of Sequential Thallium and Gallium Scans of the Chest in AIDs Patients. The Journal of Nuclear Medicine. October, 1996;37, 10:1662-1667.

  41. About the 3 by 5 Initiative. World Health Organization. WHO website. Available at http://www.who.int/3by5/about/initiative/en/endex.html. Accessed September 6, 2004.

  42. Levine AM, Tulpule A. Clinical aspects and management of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Eur J Cancer. Jul 2001;37(10):1288-95. [Medline].

  43. Tulpule A, Groopman J, Saville MW, et al. Multicenter trial of low-dose paclitaxel in patients with advanced AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. Cancer. Jul 1 2002;95(1):147-54. [Medline].

  44. Krown SE. Highly active antiretroviral therapy in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma: implications for the design of therapeutic trials in patients with advanced, symptomatic Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. Feb 1 2004;22(3):399-402. [Medline].

  45. Chachoua A, Krigel R, Lafleur F, et al. Prognostic factors and staging classification of patients with epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. Jun 1989;7(6):774-80. [Medline].

  46. Cattelan AM, Calabro ML, De Rossi A, et al. Long-term clinical outcome of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma during highly active antiretroviral therapy. Int J Oncol. Sep 2005;27(3):779-85. [Medline].

  47. Bower M, Nelson M, Young AM, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. Aug 1 2005;23(22):5224-8. [Medline].

  48. Cooper A. Treating HIV-infected children: the surgeon's role. Bull Am Coll Surg. Jun 1991;76(6):13-7, 43. [Medline].

  49. Nobler MP, Leddy ME, Huh SH. The impact of palliative irradiation on the management of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Clin Oncol. Jan 1987;5(1):107-12. [Medline].

  50. Real FX, Oettgen HF, Krown SE. Kaposi's sarcoma and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: treatment with high and low doses of recombinant leukocyte A interferon. J Clin Oncol. Apr 1986;4(4):544-51. [Medline].

  51. Groopman JE, Gottlieb MS, Goodman J, et al. Recombinant alpha-2 interferon therapy for Kaposi's sarcoma associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med. May 1984;100(5):671-6. [Medline].

  52. Krown SE, Gold JW, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Interferon-alpha with zidovudine: safety, tolerance, and clinical and virologic effects in patients with Kaposi sarcoma associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med. Jun 1 1990;112(11):812-21. [Medline].

  53. Little RF, Pluda JM, Wyvill KM, et al. Activity of subcutaneous interleukin-12 in AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. Blood. Jun 15 2006;107(12):4650-7. [Medline].

  54. Northfelt DW, Dezube BJ, Thommes JA, et al. Pegylated-liposomal doxorubicin versus doxorubicin, bleomycin, and vincristine in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: results of a randomized phase III clinical trial. J Clin Oncol. Jul 1998;16(7):2445-51. [Medline].

  55. Stewart S, Jablonowski H, Goebel FD, et al. Randomized comparative trial of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin versus bleomycin and vincristine in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. International Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin Study Group. J Clin Oncol. Feb 1998;16(2):683-91. [Medline].

  56. Gill PS, Wernz J, Scadden DT, et al. Randomized phase III trial of liposomal daunorubicin versus doxorubicin, bleomycin, and vincristine in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. Aug 1996;14(8):2353-64. [Medline].

  57. Saville MW, Lietzau J, Pluda JM, et al. Treatment of HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma with paclitaxel. Lancet. Jul 1 1995;346(8966):26-8. [Medline].

  58. Gill PS, Tulpule A, Espina BM, et al. Paclitaxel is safe and effective in the treatment of advanced AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. Jun 1999;17(6):1876-83. [Medline].

  59. Koon HB, Bubley GJ, Pantanowitz L, et al. Imatinib-induced regression of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. Feb 10 2005;23(5):982-9. [Medline].

  60. Cianfrocca M, Cooley TP, Lee JY, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor COL-3 in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: a phase I AIDS malignancy consortium study. J Clin Oncol. Jan 1 2002;20(1):153-9. [Medline].

  61. Infectious Agents, Immunologic Factors, Hereditary Neoplastic Syndromes, Soft Tissue Sarcoma. In: Schottenfeld D and Fraumen J eds. Cancer. Epidemiology and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006:522, 523, 552, 553, 561, 562, 960-962, 968.

  62. Centers for disease control. Surveillance for AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses, 1992-1997. MMWR. 1999;48:SS2:1-22.

  63. Dezube BJ. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi's sarcoma: clinical features, staging, and treatment. Semin Oncol. Aug 2000;27(4):424-30. [Medline].

  64. Dezube BJ. Clinical presentation and natural history of AIDS--related Kaposi's sarcoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. Oct 1996;10(5):1023-9. [Medline].

  65. Di Lorenzo G, Konstantinopoulos PA, Pantanowitz L, et al. Management of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Lancet Oncol. Feb 2007;8(2):167-76. [Medline].

  66. Evans SR, Krown SE, Testa MA, et al. Phase II evaluation of low-dose oral etoposide for the treatment of relapsed or progressive AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: an AIDS Clinical Trials Group clinical study. J Clin Oncol. Aug 1 2002;20(15):3236-41. [Medline].

  67. Gill PS, Tulpule A, Espina BM, et al. Paclitaxel is safe and effective in the treatment of advanced AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. Jun 1999;17(6):1876-83. [Medline].

  68. Iscovich J, Boffetta P, Franceschi S, et al. Classic kaposi sarcoma: epidemiology and risk factors. Cancer. Feb 1 2000;88(3):500-17. [Medline].

  69. Krown SE, Lee JY, Dittmer DP. More on HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. N Engl J Med. Jan 31 2008;358(5):535-6; author reply 536. [Medline].

  70. Krown SE, Metroka C, Wernz JC. Kaposi's sarcoma in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a proposal for uniform evaluation, response, and staging criteria. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Oncology Committee. J Clin Oncol. Sep 1989;7(9):1201-7. [Medline].

  71. AIDS-Related Malignancies-Kaposi's Sarcoma. In: Kantarjian HM, Wolff RA, and Koller CA. MD Anderson Manual of Medical Oncology. McGraw Hill; 2006:903-910/34.

  72. Tulpule A, Scadden DT, Espina BM, et al. Results of a randomized study of IM862 nasal solution in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. Feb 2000;18(4):716-23. [Medline].

  73. Tulpule A, Scadden DT, Espina BM, et al. Results of a randomized study of IM862 nasal solution in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. Feb 2000;18(4):716-23. [Medline].

  74. Vogel J, Hinrichs SH, Reynolds RK, Luciw PA, Jay G. The HIV tat gene induces dermal lesions resembling Kaposi's sarcoma in transgenic mice. Nature. Oct 13 1988;335(6191):606-11. [Medline].

  75. Von Roenn J. Kaposi's sarcoma evaluation and treatment. In: American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Educational book. 1998:76-85.

  76. Yarchoan R, Broder S. Prelijminary results on the use of dideoxynuclosides in the therapy of AIDS. In: Chanock, RM, Lerner Ra, Brown F, Ginsberg H. Vaccines 87: modern approaches to new vaccines: prevention of AIKDs and other viral, bacterial, and parasitic disease. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Colc Spring Harbor Press; 1987.

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Further Reading

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Keywords

Kaposi's sarcoma, KS, Kaposi tumor, Kaposi's tumor, Kaposi malignancy, Kaposi's malignancy, HIV, AIDS, human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, epidemic AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, immunocompromised Kaposi sarcoma, classic Kaposi sarcoma, endemic African Kaposi sarcoma

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Lewis J Rose, MD, Clinical Associate Professor of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital; Consulting Staff, LRCRZ Associates
Lewis J Rose, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society of Hematology, Pennsylvania Medical Society, Phi Beta Kappa, and Philadelphia County Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Ari D Fishman, MD, Fellow, Department of Medical Oncology, Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Ari D Fishman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, and American Society of Hematology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph A Sparano, MD, Professor of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Cancer Center; Program Director, Director of Breast Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center
Joseph A Sparano, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Physicians, and American Society of Hematology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Michael Perry, MD, MS, MACP, Nellie B Smith Chair of Oncology Emeritus, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Missouri /Ellis Fischel Cancer Center
Michael Perry, MD, MS, MACP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Medical Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and Missouri State Medical Association
Disclosure: Bionumerik Consulting fee Consulting; Proactya Consulting fee Consulting; GSK Consulting fee Consulting; NovoNordisk Consulting fee Consulting; Amgen Honoraria Speaking and teaching; GSK Consulting fee Speaking and teaching

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Rajalaxmi McKenna, MD, FACP, Consulting Staff, Department of Medicine, Southwest Medical Consultants, SC, Good Samaritan Hospital, Advocate Health Systems
Rajalaxmi McKenna, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology, and International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Jules E Harris, MD, Clinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine at Tucson; Consulting Staff, Arizona Cancer Center
Jules E Harris, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Immunologists, American Society of Hematology, and Central Society for Clinical Research
Disclosure: GlobeImmune Salary Consulting; Amplimed Consulting fee Consulting

 
 
HONcode

We subscribe to the
HONcode principles of the
Health On the Net Foundation

All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright© 1994- by Medscape.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.