Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Medication

  • Author: Winston W Tan, MD; Chief Editor: Jules E Harris, MD   more...
 
Updated: Apr 12, 2012
 

Medication Summary

Unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is treated with chemotherapy or a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Aggressive antiemetic support and growth-factor support, when appropriate, are other integral parts of medical treatment of affected patients. Antibiotics are commonly required for treatment of infectious complications but are not discussed in this article.

Aggressive antiemetic support to prevent, not treat, nausea and vomiting is essential because of the highly emetogenic potential of chemotherapy drugs and the doses used in the treatment of NSCLC. This holds especially true for platinum-based chemotherapeutic regimens. The most common and effective agents are corticosteroids and the serotonin receptor antagonists, which include ondansetron, granisetron, and dolasetron.

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Antiemetic Agents

Class Summary

Antiemetic agents are useful in the treatment of symptomatic nausea caused by chemotherapy.

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Ondansetron (Zofran)

 

Ondansetron blocks serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. It is not clear whether the effect is mediated centrally, peripherally, or both. Ondansetron is indicated in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

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Granisetron (Kytril)

 

Granisetron blocks serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. It is not clear whether the effect is mediated centrally, peripherally, or both. Granisetron is indicated in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

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Dolasetron (Anzemet)

 

Dolasetron blocks serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. It is not clear whether the effect is mediated centrally, peripherally, or both. Dolasetron is indicated in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

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Palonosetron (Aloxi)

 

Palonosetron is a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with a long half-life (40 h). It is indicated for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of chemotherapy. It blocks 5-HT3 receptors peripherally and centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone.

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Dexamethasone (Decadron)

 

Dexamethasone (Baycadron)

Dexamethasone is a synthetic adrenocortical steroid with multiple indications. It is widely used in prevention of nausea and vomiting caused by highly emetogenic agents (eg, cisplatin) in combination with serotonin receptor antagonists.

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Antineoplastic Agents

Class Summary

Antineoplastic agents are used either to prolong survival or to palliate symptoms in advanced or unresectable lung cancer.

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Carboplatin (Paraplatin)

 

Carboplatin has a mechanism of action similar to that of cisplatin. It is approved for ovarian cancer but is used commonly in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head, neck, cervix, and lungs. Its main advantages over cisplatin include less nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity (not requiring extensive prehydration) and reduced likelihood of inducing nausea and vomiting. It is more likely to induce myelotoxicity.

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Vinorelbine (Navelbine)

 

Vinorelbine is a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid that inhibits tubulin polymerization during the G2 phase of cell division, thereby inhibiting mitosis. Vinorelbine alone or in combination with cisplatin is indicated as first-line treatment of ambulatory patients with unresectable, advanced NSCLC and for stage IV NSCLC. In stage III NSCLC, vinorelbine is indicated in combination with cisplatin.

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Paclitaxel (Taxol)

 

Paclitaxel is a naturally occurring chemical derived from the Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia). It inhibits tubulin depolymerization in the spindle during cell division. Paclitaxel is used in combination with cisplatin for the first-line treatment of NSCLC in patients who are not candidates for potentially curative surgery or radiation therapy.

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Gemcitabine (Gemzar)

 

Gemcitabine is an antimetabolite that acts as an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. It is cell-cycle specific for the S phase. Gemcitabine is used as first-line treatment of patients with inoperable, locally advanced (stage IIIA or IIIB), or metastatic (stage IV) NSCLC in combination with cisplatin.

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Cisplatin (Platinol)

 

Cisplatin is an alkylating agent that causes intrastrand and interstrand cross-linking of DNA, leading to strand breakage. It has a very broad range of antitumor activity and is approved for use in testicular, ovarian, and transitional cell carcinomas. It forms the basis of currently available approved combination chemotherapy regimens for NSCLC. Administer it as a single-dose intravenous (IV) infusion or in divided doses over several days; this can be repeated only after complete hematologic recovery; cycles are typically separated by 3-4 wk.

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Docetaxel (Taxotere)

 

Docetaxel is a semisynthetic taxane, a class of drugs that inhibits cancer cell growth by promoting assembly and blocking disassembly of microtubules, thereby preventing cancer cell division, leading to cell death. It is indicated for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC after failure of prior platinum-based chemotherapy when used alone. It can be used in combination with cisplatin for the treatment of patients with unresectable, locally advanced, or metastatic NSCLC who have not previously received chemotherapy for this condition.

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Erlotinib (Tarceva)

 

Erlotinib is pharmacologically classified as a HER1/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). EGFR is expressed on the cell surface of normal cells and cancer cells. Erlotinib is used as monotherapy for the maintenance treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer whose disease has not progressed after 4 cycles of platinum-based first-line chemotherapy. It is also used as monotherapy for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer after failure of at least 1 prior chemotherapy regimen.

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Bevacizumab (Avastin)

 

Bevacizumab is a murine-derived monoclonal antibody that inhibits angiogenesis by targeting and inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It inhibits new blood vessel formation, denying blood, oxygen, and other nutrients needed for tumor growth. It is indicated in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel for the first-line treatment of patients with unresectable, locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC.

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Pemetrexed disodium (Alimta)

 

Pemetrexed disrupts folate-dependent metabolic processes essential for cell replication. It specifically inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT), which are folate-dependent enzymes involved in de novo biosynthesis of thymidine and purine nucleotides. Pemetrexed is indicated as a single agent for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC after prior chemotherapy. It is not indicated for the treatment of squamous cell NSCLC. It is also used in combination with cisplatin therapy for the initial treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC. It is also indicated for maintenance treatment in patients whose disease has not progressed after 4 cycles of platinum-based first-line chemotherapy.

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Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Neosar)

 

Cyclophosphamide is chemically related to nitrogen mustards; as an alkylating agent, the mechanism of action of active metabolites may involve cross-linking of DNA, which may interfere with growth of normal and neoplastic cells.

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Doxorubicin (Adriamycin, Rubex)

 

Doxorubicin is an anthracycline that inhibits topoisomerase II and produces free radicals, which may cause destruction of DNA; the combination of these 2 events can, in turn, inhibit the growth of neoplastic cells.

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Vincristine (Vincasar PFS)

 

Vincristine is a vinca alkaloid whose mechanism of action is uncertain. It may involve a decrease in reticuloendothelial cell function or an increase in platelet production. However, neither of these mechanisms fully explains the effect in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome. The antineoplastic effects of vincristine are related to its binding to tubulin and inhibition of microtubule formation.

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Etoposide (Etopophos, Toposar)

 

Etoposide inhibits topoisomerase II and causes DNA strand breakage, causing cell proliferation to arrest in the late S or early G2 portion of cell cycle; do not administer IT.

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Gefitinib (Iressa)

 

Gefitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is indicated as monotherapy for the continued treatment of locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC in patients in whom both platinum-based and docetaxel chemotherapy have failed but who have shown beneficial effects with the use of gefitinib. Based on the lack of survival benefit in the phase III trial 709 (ISEL) comparing gefitinib with placebo in advanced recurrent NSCLC and the availability of other drugs that do prolong life, gefitinib should only to be used in patients who are benefiting or have benefited from gefitinib. Gefitinib is no longer available in the United States to new patients. A limited patient population may have access to gefitinib through the IRESSA Access Program[http://www.iressa-access.com/]. Additional information for the IRESSA Access Program[http://www.iressa-access.com/] may be obtained by calling 1800-601-8933.

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Crizotinib (Xalkori)

 

Inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases including, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR, c-Met), and recepteur d'origine nantais (RON). The gene's expression and signaling that contribute to increased cell proliferation and survival of the tumors becomes activated following the expression of ALK oncogenic fusion proteins. Indicated for locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that is ALK positive as detected by an FDA-approved test.

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Winston W Tan, MD  Assistant Professor of Medicine, Mayo Medical School; Consulting Staff, Mayo Group Practices

Winston W Tan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology, Philippine Medical Association, and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Gino A Farina, MD, FACEP, FAAEM  Associate Professor of Clinical Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Program Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center

Gino A Farina, MD, FACEP, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Syed Huq, MD  Fellow, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center

Syed Huq, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Informatics Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology, and American Society of Hematology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Irfan Maghfoor, MD  Consulting Oncologist, Department of Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Saudi Arabia

Irfan Maghfoor, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Hematology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Perry, MD, MS, MACP  Nellie B Smith Chair of Oncology Emeritus, Director, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Deputy Director, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine

Michael Perry, MD, MS, MACP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Medical Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and Missouri State Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mityanand Ramnarine, MD  Chief Resident Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Long Island Jewish Medical Center

Mityanand Ramnarine, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Emergency Physicians, Emergency Medicine Residents Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Edmond A Hooker II, MD, DrPH, FAAEM  Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Associate Professor, Department of Health Services Administration, Xavier University

Edmond A Hooker II, MD, DrPH, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Public Health Association, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD  Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Jeffrey L Arnold, MD, FACEP  Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center

Jeffrey L Arnold, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine and American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP  Professor of Emergency Medicine, Professor of Internal Medicine, Program Director for Emergency Medicine, Case Medical Center, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Thoracic Society, Arkansas Medical Society, New York Academy of Medicine, New York Academy of Sciences, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Jules E Harris, MD  Clinical Professor of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Arizona Cancer Center

Jules E Harris, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Immunologists, American Society of Hematology, and Central Society for Clinical Research

Disclosure: GlobeImmune Salary Consulting

Additional Contributors

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous authors Peter T Porrello, MD, and Tamas Peredy, MD, to the development and writing of a source article.

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Non–small cell lung cancer. Symptoms and signs of lung cancer.
Non–small cell lung cancer. Diagnostic approach for possible lung cancer.
Staging workup for non–small cell lung cancer.
Treatment recommendations and future research directions in the management of non–small cell lung cancer.
Non–small cell lung cancer. Performance status scales for patients with cancer.
Non–small cell lung cancer. Prognostic factors for lung cancer.
Non–small cell lung cancer. Bronchoscopy. A large central lesion was diagnosed as non–small cell carcinoma.
Non–small cell lung cancer. Left pleural effusion and volume loss secondary to non–small cell carcinoma of the left lower lobe. The pleural effusion was sampled and found to be malignant; therefore, the lesion is inoperable.
Non–small cell lung cancer. Left upper collapse is almost always secondary to endobronchial bronchogenic carcinoma.
Non–small cell lung cancer. Complete left lung collapse secondary to bronchogenic carcinoma of left mainstem bronchus.
Non–small cell lung cancer. A cavitating right lower lobe squamous cell carcinoma.
Non–small cell lung cancer. CT scan shows cavitation and air-fluid level.
Non–small cell lung cancer. Patient has right lower lobe opacity. This is not well circumscribed and was found to be a squamous cell carcinoma.
Lung cancer, small cell. Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the chest shows a large left lung and a hilar mass, with invasion of the left pulmonary artery.
Lung cancer, small cell. Coronal positron emission tomogram shows abnormal areas of increased metabolic activity in the left hilar and left adrenal regions consistent with a hilar tumor with left adrenal metastasis.
Lung cancer, small cell. Whole-body nuclear medicine bone scanning with anterior and posterior images reveal multiple abnormal areas of increased radiotracer activity in the pelvis, spine, ribs, and left scapula. These findings are consistent with bony metastatic disease. The bones are commonly affected in patients with small-cell lung cancer.
 
 
 
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