Renal Cell Carcinoma Medication

  • Author: Brendan Curti, MD; Chief Editor: Jules E Harris, MD   more...
 
Updated: Mar 2, 2012
 

Medication Summary

The goals of pharmacotherapy are to induce remission, reduce morbidity, and prevent complications.

Selected patients with metastatic disease respond to immunotherapy, but many patients with advanced renal cell disease can be offered only palliative therapy.

Options for chemotherapy and endocrine-based approaches are limited, and no hormonal or chemotherapeutic regimen is accepted as a standard of care. Objective response rates with chemotherapy, either single-agent or combination, are usually lower than 15%. Therefore, various biologic therapies have been evaluated.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an immunogenic tumor, and spontaneous regressions have been documented. Many immune modulators have been tried, including interferon (IFN), interleukin (IL)-2 (aldesleukin [Proleukin]), bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells plus IL-2, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation.

Go to Treatment and Management for more information on these topics.

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Antineoplastic Agents

Class Summary

Few options are available for the systemic therapy of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and no hormonal or chemotherapeutic regimen is accepted as a standard of care to treat this disease. Objective response rates, either for single or combination chemotherapy, are usually lower than 15%. Multikinase inhibitors induce objective responses in up to 40% of patients, but they are not known to cure patients with metastatic disease.

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Aldesleukin (Proleukin)

 

Aldesleukin is an interleukin (IL)–2 product that is also known as a T-cell growth factor and activator of T cells and natural killer cells. It has been approved for the treatment of adults with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. This agent affects tumor growth by activating lymphoid cells in vivo, without affecting tumor proliferation directly.

Caution must be exercised in patients with preexisting cardiac, pulmonary, central nervous system (CNS), hepatic, or renal impairment. The major toxic effect of high-dose IL-2 is a sepsislike syndrome, which includes a progressive decrease in systemic vascular resistance and an associated decrease in intravascular volume due to capillary leak.

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Vinblastine

 

Vinblastine is a vinca alkaloid with cytotoxic effects via mitotic arrest. This agent binds to a specific site on tubulin, preventing polymerization of tubulin dimers and inhibiting microtubule formation. Using the intrathecal route of administration may result in death.

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Gemcitabine (Gemzar)

 

Gemcitabine is a cytidine analogue. After intracellular metabolism to active nucleotide, this agent inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and competes with deoxycytidine triphosphate for incorporation into DNA.

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5-Fluorouracil (Adrucil)

 

5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a fluorinated pyrimidine antimetabolite that inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS) and interferes with RNA synthesis and function. This agent has cell-cycle specificity with activity in S phase. 5-FU metabolites can incorporate into DNA and RNA, resulting in changes in DNA synthesis and RNA processing that impair cell turnover.

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Paclitaxel

 

Paclitaxel has a mechanism of action that involves tubulin polymerization and microtubule stabilization, which, in turn, inhibits mitosis and may result in breakage of chromosomes.

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Carboplatin

 

Carboplatin is an analog of cisplatin. This is a heavy metal coordination complex that exerts its cytotoxic effect by platination of DNA, a mechanism analogous to alkylation, leading to interstrand and intrastrand DNA cross-links and inhibition of DNA replication. Cytotoxicity can occur at any stage of the cell cycle, but the cell is most vulnerable to action of these drugs in the G1 and S phase. It has the same efficacy as cisplatin but with a better toxicity profile.

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Ifosfamide (Ifex)

 

Ifosfamide inhibits DNA and protein synthesis and, thus, cell-proliferation, by causing DNA cross-linking and denaturation of the double helix.

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Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)

 

Doxorubicin is a cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotic that blocks DNA and RNA synthesis by inserting between adjacent base pairs and binding to the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, which causes DNA polymerase inhibition. It binds to nucleic acids, presumably by specific intercalation of the anthracycline nucleus with the DNA double helix. Doxorubicin is also a powerful iron chelator. The iron-doxorubicin complex induces the production of free radicals that can destroy DNA and cancer cells.

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Floxuridine (FUDR)

 

Floxuridine is an antineoplastic antimetabolite that is most active during the S phase of the cell cycle. Floxuridine is catabolized to 5-fluorouracil when administered. Floxuridine inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis.

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Sorafenib (Nexavar)

 

Sorafenib is indicated for advanced renal cell carcinoma. This agent was the first oral multikinase inhibitor that targeted serine/threonine and tyrosine receptor kinases in both the tumor cell and the tumor vasculature. Sorafenib targets kinases involved in tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis, thereby decreasing tumor cell proliferation. These kinases included RAF kinase, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2, VEGFR-3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-beta, stem cell factor receptor (KIT), and Fmslike tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT-3).

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Sunitinib (Sutent)

 

Sunitinib is a multikinase inhibitor that targets several tyrosine kinase inhibitors implicated in tumor growth, pathologic angiogenesis, and metastatic progression. This agent inhibits PDGFRs (ie, PDGFR-alpha, PDGFR-beta), VEGFRs (ie, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3), KIT, FLT3, colony-stimulating factor receptor type 1 (CSF-1R), and the glial cell-line–derived neurotrophic factor receptor (RET).

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Temsirolimus (Torisel)

 

Temsirolimus is a water-soluble ester of sirolimus that binds with high affinity to immunophilin FKBP (FK506 binding protein) and is indicated for advanced renal cell carcinoma. This complex inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, a key protein in cells that regulates gene translation responsible for cell cycle regulation. mTOR also reduces cell growth factors (eg, vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) involved in new blood vessel development.

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Everolimus (Afinitor)

 

Everolimus is a rapamycin-derivative kinase inhibitor that is indicated for advanced renal cell carcinoma after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib. This agent reduces cell proliferation and angiogenesis by inhibition of mTOR pathway.

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Interferon alfa-2a (Roferon A) and 2b (Intron A)

 

Interferons are natural glycoproteins with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory properties. These agents have a direct antiproliferative effect on renal tumor cells, stimulate host mononuclear cells, and enhance expression of major histocompatibility complex molecules.

Caution should be exercised when administering interferons in patients with brain metastases, severe hepatic or renal insufficiency, seizure disorders, multiple sclerosis, or a compromised CNS.

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Pazopanib (Votrient)

 

Pazopanib is a multityrosine kinase inhibitor indicated for advanced renal cell carcinoma. This agent selectively inhibits VEGFR-1, -2 and -3, c-kit, and PDGFR, which may result in inhibition of angiogenesis in tumors in which these receptors are upregulated.[52]

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Bevacizumab (Avastin)

 

Bevacizumab is a recombinant, humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits angiogenesis by targeting and inhibiting VEGF. Bevacizumab is FDA approved for the treatment of metastatic kidney cancer in combination with interferon alfa.

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Axitinib (Inlyta)

 

Axitinib inhibits receptor tyrosine kinases including vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3. It is indicated for treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma after failure of 1 prior systemic therapy.

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Brendan Curti, MD  Director, Genitourinary Oncology Research, Robert W Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center

Brendan Curti, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Oregon Medical Association, and Society for Biological Therapy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Bagi RP Jana, MD  Assistant Professor, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX

Bagi RP Jana, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Cancer Society, American Medical Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology, and Southwest Oncology Group

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mansoor Javeed, MD, FACP  Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine; Consultant, Sierra Hematology-Oncology Medical Center

Mansoor Javeed, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and Pennsylvania Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Issam Makhoul, MD  Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Issam Makhoul, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Clinical Oncology and American Society of Hematology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kush Sachdeva, MD  Southern Oncology and Hematology Associates, South Jersey Healthcare, Fox Chase Cancer Center Partner

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Michael Perry, MD, MS, MACP  Nellie B Smith Chair of Oncology Emeritus, Director, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Deputy Director, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine

Michael Perry, MD, MS, MACP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Medical Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and Missouri State Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD  Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Wendy Hu, MD  Consulting Staff, Department of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Huntington Memorial Medical Center

Wendy Hu, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians, American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, American Society of Hematology, and Physicians for Social Responsibility

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Jules E Harris, MD  Clinical Professor of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Arizona Cancer Center

Jules E Harris, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Immunologists, American Society of Hematology, and Central Society for Clinical Research

Disclosure: GlobeImmune Salary Consulting

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Table. Pathologic Classification of Renal Cell Carcinoma
Cell TypeFeaturesGrowth PatternCell of OriginCytogenetics
Clear cellMost commonAcinar or sarcomatoidProximal tubule3p-
ChromophilicBilateral and multifocalPapillary or sarcomatoidProximal tubule+7, +17, -Y
ChromophobicIndolent courseSolid, tubular, or sarcomatoidCortical collecting ductHypodiploid
OncocyticRarely metastasizeTumor nestsCortical collecting ductUndetermined
Collecting ductVery aggressivePapillary or sarcomatoidMedullary collecting ductUndetermined
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