eMedicine Specialties > Psychiatry > Adult

Parasomnias: Multimedia

Author: Sat Sharma, MD, FRCPC, FACP, FCCP, DABSM, Program Director, Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Manitoba; Site Director of Respiratory Medicine, St Boniface General Hospital
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Apr 4, 2007

Multimedia

The polysomnographic study in this picture demons...Media file 1: The polysomnographic study in this picture demonstrates apnea (absence of carbon dioxide fluctuation indicating no flow), chest wall paradox, abrupt increase in tidal volume at the end of apnea, and oxygen desaturation. All of these features are consistent with obstructive sleep apnea.
The polysomnographic study in this picture demons...

The polysomnographic study in this picture demonstrates apnea (absence of carbon dioxide fluctuation indicating no flow), chest wall paradox, abrupt increase in tidal volume at the end of apnea, and oxygen desaturation. All of these features are consistent with obstructive sleep apnea.

Periodic limb movements on this polysomnographic ...Media file 2: Periodic limb movements on this polysomnographic study show intermittent leg electromyographic activity accompanied by electroencephalographic arousals.
Periodic limb movements on this polysomnographic ...

Periodic limb movements on this polysomnographic study show intermittent leg electromyographic activity accompanied by electroencephalographic arousals.

More on Parasomnias

Overview: Parasomnias
Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Parasomnias
Treatment & Medication: Parasomnias
Follow-up: Parasomnias
Multimedia: Parasomnias
References

References

  1. Allen RP, Picchietti D, Hening WA, et al. Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Sleep Med. Mar 2003;4(2):101-19. [Medline].

  2. Allen RP. Race, iron status and restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. Nov 2002;3(6):467-8. [Medline].

  3. Allen RP, La Buda MC, Becker P, et al. Family history study of the restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. Nov 2002;3 Suppl:S3-7. [Medline].

  4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association;. 2000.

  5. American Sleep Disorders Association. International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual. Rochester, Minn: American Sleep Disorders Association;. 1990.

  6. Broughton RJ. Sleep disorders: disorders of arousal? Enuresis, somnambulism, and nightmares occur in confusional states of arousal, not in "dreaming sleep". Science. Mar 8 1968;159(819):1070-8. [Medline].

  7. Chesson AL, Wise M, Davila D, et al. Practice parameters for the treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Report. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep. Nov 1 1999;22(7):961-8. [Medline].

  8. Chiu HF, Wing YK. REM sleep behaviour disorder: an overview. Int J Clin Pract. Oct 1997;51(7):451-4. [Medline].

  9. Chokroverty S. Editor's corner: restless legs syndrome, a common disease uncommonly diagnosed. Sleep Med. Mar 2003;4(2):91-3. [Medline].

  10. Cooper AJ. Treatment of coexistent night-terrors and somnambulism in adults with imipramine and diazepam. J Clin Psychiatry. May 1987;48(5):209-10. [Medline].

  11. Earley CJ. Clinical practice. Restless legs syndrome. N Engl J Med. May 22 2003;348(21):2103-9. [Medline].

  12. Ebrahim IO. Somnambulistic sexual behaviour (sexsomnia). J Clin Forensic Med. Mar 23 2006;[Medline].

  13. Eisensehr I, Ehrenberg BL, Noachtar S. Different sleep characteristics in restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. Sleep Med. Mar 2003;4(2):147-52. [Medline].

  14. Eisensehr I, Linke R, Tatsch K, et al. Increased muscle activity during rapid eye movement sleep correlates with decrease of striatal presynaptic dopamine transporters. IPT and IBZM SPECT imaging in subclinical and clinically manifest idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder, Parkinson's diseas. Sleep. Aug 1 2003;26(5):507-12. [Medline].

  15. Fantini ML, Gagnon JF, Filipini D, Montplaisir J. The effects of pramipexole in REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology. Nov 25 2003;61(10):1418-20. [Medline].

  16. Garcia-Borreguero D, Odin P, Schwarz C. Restless legs syndrome: an overview of the current understanding and management. Acta Neurol Scand. May 2004;109(5):303-17. [Medline].

  17. Gastaut H, Broughton RJ. A clinical and polygraphic study of episodic phenomena during sleep. Biol Psychiatry. 1965;7:197-221.

  18. Gluck ME, Geliebter A, Satov T. Night eating syndrome is associated with depression, low self-esteem, reduced daytime hunger, and less weight loss in obese outpatients. Obes Res. Apr 2001;9(4):264-7. [Medline].

  19. Guilleminault C. Parasomnias. In: Kyger M, Roth T, Dement W, eds. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders;. 1994:567-73.

  20. Hening W, Allen R, Earley C, et al. The treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Review. Sleep. Nov 1 1999;22(7):970-99. [Medline].

  21. Hening WA, Allen RP, Thanner S, et al. The Johns Hopkins telephone diagnostic interview for the restless legs syndrome: preliminary investigation for validation in a multi-center patient and control population. Sleep Med. Mar 2003;4(2):137-41. [Medline].

  22. Hurwitz TD, Mahowald MW, Schenck CH, et al. A retrospective outcome study and review of hypnosis as treatment of adults with sleepwalking and sleep terror. J Nerv Ment Dis. Apr 1991;179(4):228-33. [Medline].

  23. Kushida CA. Pramipexole for the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Expert Opin Pharmacother. Mar 2006;7(4):441-51. [Medline].

  24. Leo G. Parasomnias. WMJ. 2003;102(1):32-5. [Medline].

  25. Lesage S, Hening WA. The restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder: a review of management. Semin Neurol. Sep 2004;24(3):249-59. [Medline].

  26. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. Evolving concepts of human state dissociation. Arch Ital Biol. Apr 2001;139(3):269-300. [Medline].

  27. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. Diagnosis and management of parasomnias. Clin Cornerstone. 2000;2(5):48-57. [Medline].

  28. Mahowald MW. What is causing excessive daytime sleepiness? Evaluation to distinguish sleep deprivation from sleep disorders. Postgrad Med. Mar 2000;107(3):108-10, 115-8, 123. [Medline].

  29. Nichols DA, Allen RP, Grauke JH, et al. Restless legs syndrome symptoms in primary care: a prevalence study. Arch Intern Med. Oct 27 2003;163(19):2323-9. [Medline].

  30. Olson EJ, Boeve BF, Silber MH. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in 93 cases. Brain. Feb 2000;123 (Pt 2):331-9. [Medline].

  31. Phillips B, Young T, Finn L, et al. Epidemiology of restless legs symptoms in adults. Arch Intern Med. Jul 24 2000;160(14):2137-41. [Medline].

  32. Picchietti D, Winkelman JW. Treatment of depression in patients with restless legs syndrome: What is evidence-based?. Sleep Med. Mar 23 2006;[Medline].

  33. Rand CS, Macgregor AM, Stunkard AJ. The night eating syndrome in the general population and among postoperative obesity surgery patients. Int J Eat Disord. Jul 1997;22(1):65-9. [Medline].

  34. Rodrigues RN, Rodrigues AA, Pratesi R, Krieger J. Outcome of restless legs severity after continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) treatment in patients affected by the association of RLS and obstructive sleep apneas. Sleep Med. Mar 22 2006;[Medline].

  35. Schenck CH, Milner DM, Hurwitz TD, et al. A polysomnographic and clinical report on sleep-related injury in 100 adult patients. Am J Psychiatry. Sep 1989;146(9):1166-73. [Medline].

  36. Schenck CH, Bundlie SR, Mahowald MW. Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder in 38% of 29 older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Neurology. Feb 1996;46(2):388-93. [Medline].

  37. Schenck CH, Boyd JL, Mahowald MW. A parasomnia overlap disorder involving sleepwalking, sleep terrors, and REM sleep behavior disorder in 33 polysomnographically confirmed cases. Sleep. Nov 1997;20(11):972-81. [Medline].

  38. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. An analysis of a recent criminal trial involving sexual misconduct with a child, alcohol abuse and a successful sleepwalking defence: arguments supporting two proposed new forensic categories. Med Sci Law. Apr 1998;38(2):147-52. [Medline].

  39. Shapiro CM, Trajanovic NN, Fedoroff JP. Sexsomnia--a new parasomnia?. Can J Psychiatry. Jun 2003;48(5):311-7. [Medline].

  40. Silber MH, Richardson JW. Multiple blood donations associated with iron deficiency in patients with restless legs syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. Jan 2003;78(1):52-4. [Medline].

  41. Stiasny-Kolster K, Trenkwalder C, Fogel W. Restless legs syndrome--new insights into clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, and treatment options. J Neurol. Sep 2004;251 Suppl 6:VI/39-43. [Medline].

  42. Stunkard A, Berkowitz R, Wadden T. Binge eating disorder and the night-eating syndrome. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. Jan 1996;20(1):1-6. [Medline].

  43. Thorpy MJ, Glovinsky PB. Parasomnias. Psychiatr Clin North Am. Dec 1987;10(4):623-39. [Medline].

  44. Thorpy MJ. New paradigms in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Neurology. Jun 28 2005;64(12 Suppl 3):S28-33. [Medline].

  45. Wills L, Garcia J. Parasomnias: epidemiology and management. CNS Drugs. 2002;16(12):803-10. [Medline].

  46. Zaremba PD, Bialek M, Blaszczyk B, et al. Non-epilepsy uses of antiepilepsy drugs. Pharmacol Rep. Jan-Feb 2006;58(1):1-12. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

nightmare disorder, sleep terror disorder, sleepwalking disorder, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, REM sleep behavior disorder, non–rapid eye movement, NREM, restless legs syndrome, RLS, periodic limb movement disorder, PLMD, dyssomnias, sleep drunkenness, microsleeps

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Sat Sharma, MD, FRCPC, FACP, FCCP, DABSM, Program Director, Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Manitoba; Site Director of Respiratory Medicine, St Boniface General Hospital
Sat Sharma, MD, FRCPC, FACP, FCCP, DABSM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Thoracic Society, Canadian Medical Association, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Royal Society of Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine, and World Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Mohammed Memon, MD, Medical Director of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Spartanburg Regional Hospital System
Mohammed Memon, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, American Medical Association, and American Psychiatric Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Iqbal Ahmed, MD, Program Director, General and Geriatric Psychiatry Residency Programs, Department of Psychiatry, Vice Chair for Education, Professor, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii
Iqbal Ahmed, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine, American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, and American Psychiatric Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Harold H Harsch, MD, Program Director of Geropsychiatry, Department of Geriatrics/Gerontology, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Froedtert Hospital, Medical College of Wisconsin
Harold H Harsch, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Psychiatric Association
Disclosure: lilly Honoraria Speaking and teaching; BMS Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Forest Labs Honoraria Speaking and teaching; AstraZeneca Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Pfizer Grant/research funds Other; Northstar Grant/research funds Other; Novartis  Other

Chief Editor

Stephen Soreff, MD, President of Education Initiatives, Nottingham, NH; Faculty, Metropolitan College of Boston University, Boston, MA
Stephen Soreff, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Mental Health Administration
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

 
 
HONcode

We subscribe to the
HONcode principles of the
Health On the Net Foundation

All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright© 1994- by Medscape.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.