Aspergillosis Follow-up

  • Author: Eloise M Harman, MD; Chief Editor: Zab Mosenifar, MD   more...
 
Updated: Sep 16, 2011
 

Further Inpatient Care

For invasive aspergillosis, monitor the patient for resolution of fever, hypoxemia, and pulmonary infiltrates. Patients who do not respond to therapy with voriconazole or combination therapy with voriconazole and caspofungin should be seen in consultation by an infectious disease specialist. Monitoring of serum voriconazole levels may be considered in nonresponders.[31] Consider reducing immunosuppression if possible based on the underlying disease. Other considerations include surgical resection for localized disease and the addition of other antifungal agents.

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Further Outpatient Care

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is usually managed in an outpatient setting. Serial measurement of the serum IgE level is a useful way to monitor response to therapy and to predict relapse after initial management. Levels are measured every 1-2 months during an exacerbation and every 3 months during remission. The rationale for repeat measurements of IgE levels during clinical remission is that 35% of exacerbations are asymptomatic but may result in lung damage. Elevated IgE levels should be evaluated further with a chest radiograph and institution of therapy with prednisone and possibly itraconazole.

Patients with invasive aspergillosis or chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA) who respond to initial inpatient treatment may require several weeks of antifungal therapy. Oral voriconazole or itraconazole (sometimes chosen because of cost) is administered until clinical and radiographic resolution.

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Inpatient & Outpatient Medications

For invasive aspergillosis and CNPA, specific antifungal therapy with oral or intravenous voriconazole is the usual initial therapy. Response to therapy may be poor; in patients who respond, prolonged therapy may be required.

ABPA therapy includes oral prednisone and, in selected cases, oral itraconazole, usually for several months. As the patient is tapered off oral steroids, inhaled corticosteroids should be added for control of underlying asthma. The concomitant use of inhaled budesonide and oral itraconazole has been found to cause adrenal suppression in a significant proportion of patients with CF and ABPA.

For aspergilloma, oral itraconazole therapy may be beneficial. A Japanese study found that 60% of patients with aspergilloma had some response to oral itraconazole. In patients with bilateral aspergillomas or severe underlying disease preventing surgical resection, oral itraconazole therapy may be continued for several months.

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Transfer

Transfer to a tertiary care center may be warranted in patients with aspergilloma or invasive aspergillosis with massive hemoptysis if bronchial artery embolization or surgical resection is considered. Patients with invasive aspergillosis who do not respond to initial antifungal therapy may also benefit from transfer to a center where infectious disease expertise in the management of fungal infections is available.

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Deterrence/Prevention

Invasive aspergillosis is frequently fatal, and prevention is the best way to decrease its associated morbidity and mortality. The use of LAF rooms or HEPA filters decreases the concentration of fungi and bacteria in hospital rooms. Use of LAF rooms has been shown to decrease the incidence of invasive Aspergillus infection in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation.

Prophylactic antifungal therapy is also indicated in high-risk patients, as follows:

  • Although fluconazole is not effective against Aspergillus, it significantly decreases the incidence of fungal infections after bone marrow transplantation and is the most frequently used oral prophylactic antifungal therapy.[32]
  • Oral itraconazole has been found to be less effective than fluconazole, probably because of poor bioavailability of the drug in capsule form.
  • Voriconazole is effective as secondary prophylaxis in patients who have been successfully treated for Aspergillus infection and who again require chemotherapy for consolidation or relapse.[33] However, the use of voriconazole may increase the risk of the patient developing zygomycosis.[34]
  • Posaconazole has been shown to be more effective than fluconazole for preventing invasive Aspergillus infection in patients with graft versus host disease, although the overall incidence of fungal infections is similar for both drugs.[7] Posaconazole is approved for prophylaxis of invasive Aspergillus and Candida infections in high-risk patients, including those with graft versus host disease and prolonged neutropenia from chemotherapy. Because posaconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent and widespread use would promote resistance, posaconazole prophylaxis should be limited to patients at highest risk or those with known resistance to other antifungals.[35]
  • Inhaled amphotericin has also been used for prophylaxis, particularly in lung transplant recipients colonized with Aspergillus.[36] However, results are variable and concerns have been raised about its effect on lung function.[37]
  • Oral itraconazole appears to be a safe and effective prophylactic antifungal for children with chronic granulomatous disease.
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Complications

Invasive aspergillosis may result in respiratory failure and death. Massive hemoptysis may occur. Aspergillus may disseminate to other organs, including the central nervous system, kidneys, and heart, and result in multisystem organ failure.

ABPA may cause atelectasis, asthma exacerbation, and steroid dependence. Recurrent ABPA episodes may result in widespread bronchiectasis and fibrosis.

Hemoptysis is a frequent complication of aspergilloma.

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Prognosis

The prognosis for patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is poor. Of these patients, 25-60% may respond to antifungal therapy, but the mortality rate remains high because of the severity of the underlying disease and the need for continued immunosuppressives and steroids in many patients. If patients respond, at least a 50% chance of relapse exists with subsequent courses of immunosuppression. Disease disseminated to the central nervous system carries 100% mortality, as does fungal endocarditis without surgery.

The prognosis for ABPA is fairly good in patients with mildly abnormal pulmonary function. However, patients may remain steroid-dependent. If ABPA is detected late, after the establishment of fibrosis, the response to steroids frequently is poor.

Development of triazole resistance has been blamed for eventual loss of control of the disease in patients receiving long-term triazole therapy. Detection of resistance is made difficult by the high frequency of negative cultures, a problem addressed by a study using hypersensitive real-time PCR assays to assess fungal load in BAL and sputum samples. In culture-negative specimens that were PCR-positive, the CYP51A gene (responsible for most triazole resistance) was amplified to reveal resistance markers in 55% of patients with ABPA or chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. The authors suggest a connection between this "remarkably high" rate and limitations to the effectiveness of azole therapy.[38]

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Patient Education

For excellent patient education resources, visit eMedicine's Procedures Center. Also, see eMedicine's patient education article Bronchoscopy.

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Eloise M Harman, MD  Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Florida College of Medicine

Eloise M Harman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Chest Physicians, American Medical Women's Association, American Thoracic Society, Phi Beta Kappa, and Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Oleh Wasyl Hnatiuk, MD  Program Director, National Capital Consortium, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Walter Reed Army Medical Center; Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences

Oleh Wasyl Hnatiuk, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, and American Thoracic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD  Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Om Prakash Sharma, MD, FRCP, FCCP, DTM&H  Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine

Om Prakash Sharma, MD, FRCP, FCCP, DTM&H is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Osler Society, American Thoracic Society, New York Academy of Medicine, and Royal Society of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Timothy D Rice, MD  Associate Professor, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St Louis University School of Medicine

Timothy D Rice, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Zab Mosenifar, MD  Director, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Director, Women's Guild Pulmonary Disease Institute, Professor and Executive Vice Chair, Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Zab Mosenifar, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, and American Thoracic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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