Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: Multimedia

References

1. Cherry DK, Hing E, Woodwell DA, Rechtsteiner EA. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2006 Summary. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2008. National health statistics reports. [Full Text].

2. Fagnan LJ. Acute sinusitis: a cost-effective approach to diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. Nov 15 1998;58(8):1795-802, 805-6. [Medline].

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nonspecific upper respiratory tract infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/community/hcp-info-sheets/adult-nurti.pdf. Accessed April 30, 2009.

4. Morgan WE. Supraglottitis. In: Grand rounds archives: pediatric otolaryngology. Waco, Tex: Grand Rounds Archive. Baylor College of Medicine; May 20, 1993:[Full Text].

5. Leung AK, Cho H. Diagnosis of stridor in children. Am Fam Physician. Nov 15 1999;60(8):2289-96. [Medline].

6. MayoSmith MF, Hirsch PJ, Wodzinski SF, Schiffman FJ. Acute epiglottitis in adults. An eight-year experience in the state of Rhode Island. N Engl J Med. May 1 1986;314(18):1133-9. [Medline].

7. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2008 With Chartbook. Hyattsville, MD: 2009:p 268. [Full Text].

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreaks of respiratory illness mistakenly attributed to pertussis--New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Tennessee, 2004-2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Aug 24 2007;56(33):837-42. [Medline]. [Full Text].

9. CDC. Influenza: The Disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/index.htm. Accessed April 30, 2009.

10. National Center for Infectious Diseases. Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases. Epstein-Barr virus and infectious mononucleosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/ebv.htm. Accessed April 30, 2009.

11. National Center for Infectious Diseases. Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch. Human parainfluenza viruses (common cold and croup). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/respiratory/hpivfeat.htm. Accessed April 30, 2009.

12. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Common Cold. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Available at http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/commonCold. Accessed April 30, 2009.

13. Fatal respiratory diphtheria in a U.S. traveler to Haiti--Pennsylvania, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Jan 9 2004;52(53):1285-6. [Medline]. [Full Text].

14. National Center for Infectious Diseases. Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases. Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/haeminfluserob_t.htm. Accessed April 30, 2009.

15. [Guideline] University of Michigan Health System. Pharyngitis. National Guideline Clearinghouse. Accessed April 30, 2009;[Full Text].

16. O'Brien KL, Dowell SF, Schwartz B, Marcy SM, Phillips WR, Gerber MA. Acute sinusitis--Principles of judicious use of antimicrobial agents. Pediatrics. Jan 1998;101 No. 1 Supp:174-7. [Full Text].

17. Adult epiglottitis: best practice of medicine [Internet database]. Greenwood Village, Colo: Thomson MicroMedex; April, 2000.

18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Influenza. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/rapidclin.htm. Accessed April 30, 2008.

19. [Guideline] Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006. MMWR Recomm Rep. Aug 4 2006;55:1-94. [Medline]. [Full Text].

20. Vincent MT, Celestin N, Hussain AN. Pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician. Mar 15 2004;69(6):1465-70. [Medline].

21. Poole MD. A focus on acute sinusitis in adults: changes in disease management. Am J Med. May 3 1999;106(5A):38S-47S; discussion 48S-52S. [Medline].

22. Chow AW. Acute sinusitis: current status of etiologies, diagnosis, and treatment. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 2001;21:31-63. [Medline].

23. Ragosta KG, Orr R, Detweiler MJ. Revisiting epiglottitis: a protocol--the value of lateral neck radiographs. J Am Osteopath Assoc. Apr 1997;97(4):227-9. [Medline].

24. Kissoon N, Mitchell I. Adverse effects of racemic epinephrine in epiglottitis. Pediatr Emerg Care. Sep 1985;1(3):143-4. [Medline].

25. Weber JE, Chudnofsky CR, Younger JG, Larkin GL, Boczar M, Wilkerson MD, et al. A randomized comparison of helium-oxygen mixture (Heliox) and racemic epinephrine for the treatment of moderate to severe croup. Pediatrics. Jun 2001;107(6):E96. [Medline].

26. [Guideline] Irwin RS, Baumann MH, Bolser DC, Boulet LP, Braman SS, Brightling CE, et al. Diagnosis and management of cough executive summary: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. Jan 2006;129(1 Suppl):1S-23S. [Medline].

27. D'Souza AL, Rajkumar C, Cooke J, Bulpitt CJ. Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea: meta-analysis. BMJ. Jun 8 2002;324(7350):1361. [Medline].

28. [Best Evidence] Paul IM, Beiler J, McMonagle A, Shaffer ML, Duda L, Berlin CM Jr. Effect of honey, dextromethorphan, and no treatment on nocturnal cough and sleep quality for coughing children and their parents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Dec 2007;161(12):1140-6. [Medline]. [Full Text].

29. Sharfstein JM, North M, Serwint JR. Over the counter but no longer under the radar--pediatric cough and cold medications. N Engl J Med. Dec 6 2007;357(23):2321-4. [Medline].

30. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Statement Following CHPA's Announcement on Nonprescription Over-the-Counter Cough and Cold Medicines in Children. FDA: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Available at http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01899.html. Accessed May 10, 2009.

31. Harvey R, Hannan SA, Badia L, Scadding G. Nasal irrigation with saline (salt water) for the symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [serial online]. January 24, 2007;Issue 3:Available from: The Cochrane Collaboration. Accessed October 14, 2007. [Medline]. Available at http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006394.html.

32. Rabago D, Zgierska A, Mundt M, Barrett B, Bobula J, Maberry R. Efficacy of daily hypertonic saline nasal irrigation among patients with sinusitis: a randomized controlled trial. J Fam Pract. Dec 2002;51(12):1049-55. [Medline]. [Full Text].

33. [Guideline] Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaltney JM Jr, Kaplan EL, Schwartz RH. Diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: a practice guideline. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. Sep 1997;25(3):574-83. [Medline].

34. Pharyngitis and tonsillitis: best practice of medicine [Internet database]. Greenwood Village, Colo: Thompson Micromedex; August 12, 2002.

35. Schwartz B, Marcy SM, Phillips WR, Gerber MA, Dowell SF. Pharyngitis--Principles of judicious use of antimicrobial agents. Pediatr. 1998;101: No 1(suppl):171-4. [Full Text].

36. [Best Evidence] Ahovuo-Saloranta A, Borisenko OV, Kovanen N, Varonen H, Rautakorpi UM, Williams JW Jr, et al. Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Apr 16 2008;CD000243. [Medline].

37. Hickner JM, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, Gonzales R, Hoffman JR, Sande MA, et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute rhinosinusitis in adults: background. Ann Intern Med. Mar 20 2001;134(6):498-505. [Medline].

38. [Guideline] American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: management of sinusitis. Pediatrics. Sep 2001;108(3):798-808. [Medline].

39. Update: influenza activity - United States, September 28, 2008--January 31, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Feb 13 2009;58(5):115-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

40. Wiklund L, Stierna P, Berglund R, Westrin KM, Tonnesson M. The efficacy of oxymetazoline administered with a nasal bellows container and combined with oral phenoxymethyl-penicillin in the treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1994;515:57-64. [Medline].

41. Hayden FG, Diamond L, Wood PB, Korts DC, Wecker MT. Effectiveness and safety of intranasal ipratropium bromide in common colds. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. Jul 15 1996;125(2):89-97. [Medline].

42. Turner RB, Sperber SJ, Sorrentino JV, O'Connor RR, Rogers J, Batouli AR, et al. Effectiveness of clemastine fumarate for treatment of rhinorrhea and sneezing associated with the common cold. Clin Infect Dis. Oct 1997;25(4):824-30. [Medline].

43. [Best Evidence] Zalmanovici A, Yaphe J. Steroids for acute sinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Apr 18 2007;CD005149. [Medline].

44. American Academy of Pediatrics. Use of codeine- and dextromethorphan-containing cough remedies in children. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Drugs. Pediatrics. Jun 1997;99(6):918-20. [Medline].

45. Hirt M, Nobel S, Barron E. Zinc nasal gel for the treatment of common cold symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ear Nose Throat J. Oct 2000;79(10):778-80, 782. [Medline].

46. United States Food and Drug Administration. Zicam cold remedy nasal products (Cold Remedy Nasal Gel, Cold Remedy Nasal Swabs, and Cold Remedy Saws, Kids Size). MedWatch Public Health Advisory. Available at http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm166996.htm. Accessed June 16, 2009.

47. Taylor JA, Weber W, Standish L, Quinn H, Goesling J, McGann M, et al. Efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. Dec 3 2003;290(21):2824-30. [Medline].

48. Brinckmann J, Sigwart H, van Houten Taylor L. Safety and efficacy of a traditional herbal medicine (Throat Coat) in symptomatic temporary relief of pain in patients with acute pharyngitis: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. J Altern Complement Med. Apr 2003;9(2):285-98. [Medline].

49. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Smith LL, Utter AC, Vinci DM, Davis JM, et al. Cytokine changes after a marathon race. J Appl Physiol. Jul 2001;91(1):109-14. [Medline].

50. Kretsinger K, Broder KR, Cortese MM, Joyce MP, Ortega-Sanchez I, Lee GM, et al. Preventing tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis among adults: use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and recommendation of ACIP, supported by the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC), for use of Tdap among health-care personnel. MMWR Recomm Rep. Dec 15 2006;55:1-37. [Medline]. [Full Text].

51. [Guideline] Workowski KA, Levine WC. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines: 2002 [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site]. MMWR. 2002;51(RR06):1-80. [Full Text].

52. Arola M, Ruuskanen O, Ziegler T, Mertsola J, Näntö-Salonen K, Putto-Laurila A, et al. Clinical role of respiratory virus infection in acute otitis media. Pediatrics. Dec 1990;86(6):848-55. [Medline].

53. Wald ER, Guerra N, Byers C. Upper respiratory tract infections in young children: duration of and frequency of complications. Pediatrics. Feb 1991;87(2):129-33. [Medline].

54. America Academy of Pediatrics. Prevention of pertussis among adolescents: recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine. Pediatrics. Mar 2006;117(3):965-78. [Medline].

55. Fiore AE, Shay DK, Broder K, Iskander JK, Uyeki TM, Mootrey G, et al. Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2008. MMWR Recomm Rep. Aug 8 2008;57:1-60. [Medline]. [Full Text].

56. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Is it a cold or an allergy?. US Department of Health and Human Services. Available at http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicDiseases/PDF/ColdAllergy.pdf. Accessed April 30, 2009.

57. Research Digest. Does exercise alter immune function and respiratory infections?. President's Council on Physical Fitness & Sports. Available at http://www.fitness.gov/June2001Digest.pdf. Accessed April 30, 2009.

Further Reading

Keywords

upper respiratory tract infection, URI, URTI, upper respiratory infection, common cold, pharyngitis, nasopharyngitis, rhinopharyngitis, sinusitis, rhinosinusitis, epiglottitis, supraglottitis, laryngitis, laryngotracheitis, laryngotracheobronchitis, croup, whooping cough, viral URI, viral respiratory infection, viral pharyngitis, bacterial upper respiratory infection, bacterial pharyngitis, group A streptococci, group A Streptococcus species, GAS, Streptococcus pyogenes, S pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae type B, Hib, H influenzae, pertussis, diphtheria

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Anne Meneghetti, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine; Medical Broadcaster, Life, Love and Health
Anne Meneghetti, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Gregory William Rutecki, MD, Associate Professor, Program Director, Department of Internal Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
Gregory William Rutecki, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Society of Nephrology, National Kidney Foundation, and Society of General Internal Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

,, Kathy Roarty Placeholder
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Timothy D Rice, MD, Associate Professor, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
Timothy D Rice, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Physicians
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Zab Mosenifar, MD, Director, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Director, Women's Guild Pulmonary Disease Institute, Executive Vice Chair, Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center; Professor of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Zab Mosenifar, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, and American Thoracic Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.