eMedicine Specialties > Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation > Cervical Spine Disorders

Cervical Spondylosis: Multimedia

Author: Hassan Ahmad Hassan Al-Shatoury, MD, PhD, MHPE,, Associate Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, Suez Canal University; Co-Director, Center of Research and Development in Medical Education and Health Services Suez Canal University Hospital
Coauthor(s): Ayman Ali Galhom, MD, PhD, Lecturer (Associated Professor), Department of Neurosurgery, Suez Canal University Faculty of Medicine, Egypt
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Apr 24, 2009

Multimedia

A cervical myelogram shows advanced spondylotic c...Media file 1: A cervical myelogram shows advanced spondylotic changes and multiple compression of the spinal cord by osteophytes.
A cervical myelogram shows advanced spondylotic c...

A cervical myelogram shows advanced spondylotic changes and multiple compression of the spinal cord by osteophytes.

A 59-year-old woman presented with a spastic gait...Media file 2: A 59-year-old woman presented with a spastic gait and weakness in her upper extremities. A T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging scan shows cord compression from cervical spondylosis, which caused central spondylotic myelopathy. Note the signal changes in the cord at C4-C5, the ventral osteophytosis, buckling of the ligamentum flavum at C3-C4, and the prominent loss of disk height between C2 and C5.
A 59-year-old woman presented with a spastic gait...

A 59-year-old woman presented with a spastic gait and weakness in her upper extremities. A T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging scan shows cord compression from cervical spondylosis, which caused central spondylotic myelopathy. Note the signal changes in the cord at C4-C5, the ventral osteophytosis, buckling of the ligamentum flavum at C3-C4, and the prominent loss of disk height between C2 and C5.

A T2-weighted cervical magnetic resonance imaging...Media file 3: A T2-weighted cervical magnetic resonance imaging scan shows obliteration of the subarachnoid space as a result of spondylotic changes.
A T2-weighted cervical magnetic resonance imaging...

A T2-weighted cervical magnetic resonance imaging scan shows obliteration of the subarachnoid space as a result of spondylotic changes.

A 48-year-old man presented with neck pain and pr...Media file 4: A 48-year-old man presented with neck pain and predominantly left-sided radicular symptoms in the arm. The patient's symptoms resolved with conservative therapy. An axial, gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging scan shows moderate anteroposterior narrowing of the cord space due to a ventral osteophyte at the C4 level, with bilateral narrowing of the neural foramina (more prominently on the left side).
A 48-year-old man presented with neck pain and pr...

A 48-year-old man presented with neck pain and predominantly left-sided radicular symptoms in the arm. The patient's symptoms resolved with conservative therapy. An axial, gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging scan shows moderate anteroposterior narrowing of the cord space due to a ventral osteophyte at the C4 level, with bilateral narrowing of the neural foramina (more prominently on the left side).

A 48-year-old man presented with neck pain and pr...Media file 5: A 48-year-old man presented with neck pain and predominantly left-sided radicular symptoms in the arm. The patient's symptoms resolved with conservative therapy. A T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging scan shows ventral osteophytosis, most prominent between C4 and C7, with reduction of the ventral cerebrospinal fluid sleeve.
A 48-year-old man presented with neck pain and pr...

A 48-year-old man presented with neck pain and predominantly left-sided radicular symptoms in the arm. The patient's symptoms resolved with conservative therapy. A T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging scan shows ventral osteophytosis, most prominent between C4 and C7, with reduction of the ventral cerebrospinal fluid sleeve.

More on Cervical Spondylosis

Overview: Cervical Spondylosis
Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Cervical Spondylosis
Treatment & Medication: Cervical Spondylosis
Follow-up: Cervical Spondylosis
Multimedia: Cervical Spondylosis
References
Further Reading

References

  1. Epstein N. Posterior approaches in the management of cervical spondylosis and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Surg Neurol. Sep-Oct 2002;58(3-4):194-207; discussion 207-8. [Medline].

  2. Epstein N. Ossification of the cervical posterior longitudinal ligament: a review. Neurosurg Focus. Aug 15 2002;13(2):ECP1. [Medline].

  3. Ozer AF, Oktenoglu T, Cosar M, et al. Long-term follow-up after open-window corpectomy in patients with advanced cervical spondylosis and/or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. J Spinal Disord Tech. Feb 2009;22(1):14-20. [Medline].

  4. Wang MC, Kreuter W, Wolfla CE, et al. Trends and variations in cervical spine surgery in the United States: Medicare beneficiaries, 1992 to 2005. Spine. Apr 2 2009;[Medline].

  5. Miranda P, Gomez P, Alday R. Acute traumatic central cord syndrome: analysis of clinical and radiological correlations. J Neurosurg Sci. Dec 2008;52(4):107-12; discussion 112. [Medline].

  6. Young WF. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a common cause of spinal cord dysfunction in older persons. Am Fam Physician. Sep 1 2000;62(5):1064-70, 1073. [Medline][Full Text].

  7. Tsiptsios I, Fotiou F, Sitzoglou K, et al. Neurophysiological investigation of cervical spondylosis. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. Jul-Aug 2001;41(5):305-13. [Medline].

  8. Weber M, Eisen A. Are motor evoked potentials (MEPs) helpful in the differential diagnosis of spondylotic cervical myelopathy (SCM)?. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 2000;53:419-23. [Medline].

  9. Stetkarova I, Kofler M. Cutaneous silent periods in the assessment of mild cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine. Jan 1 2009;34(1):34-42. [Medline].

  10. Uribe JS, Sangala JR, Duckworth EA, et al. Comparison between anterior cervical discectomy fusion and cervical corpectomy fusion using titanium cages for reconstruction: analysis of outcome and long-term follow-up. Eur Spine J. Feb 12 2009;[Medline].

  11. Ramzi N, Ribeiro-Vaz G, Fomekong E, et al. Long term outcome of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion using coral grafts. Acta Neurochir (Wien). Dec 2008;150(12):1249-56; discussion 1256. [Medline].

  12. Epstein NE. Laminectomy for cervical myelopathy. Spinal Cord. Jun 2003;41(6):317-27. [Medline].

  13. Wang MY, Shah S, Green BA. Clinical outcomes following cervical laminoplasty for 204 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Surg Neurol. Dec 2004;62(6):487-92; discussion 492-3. [Medline].

  14. Wang MC, Chan L, Maiman DJ, et al. Complications and mortality associated with cervical spine surgery for degenerative disease in the United States. Spine. Feb 1 2007;32(3):342-7. [Medline].

  15. Alexander JT. Natural history and nonoperative management of cervical spondylosis. In: Menezes AH, Sonnatage VH, eds. Principles of Spinal Surgery. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1996:547-57.

  16. Binder AI. Cervical spondylosis and neck pain. BMJ. Mar 10 2007;334(7592):527-31. [Medline].

  17. Braddom RL. Management of common cervical pain syndromes. In: DeLisa JA, ed. Rehabilitation Medicine: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1993:1036-46.

  18. Carr RG. The physiatrist and cervical spondylosis. In: Saunders RL, Bernini PM, eds. Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy. Boston, Mass: Blackwell Scientific; 1992:96-109.

  19. Chan CW. Spinal cord injury. In: Sinaki M, ed. Basic Clinical Rehabilitation Medicine. Minneapolis, Minn: Mosby-Year Book; 1993:183-94.

  20. Clark CR. Degenerative conditions of the spine: differential diagnosis and non-surgical treatment. In: Frymoyer JW, ed. The Adult Spine: Principles and Practice. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1991:1154-64.

  21. Fiscgrund JS, Herkowitz HN. Cervical spondylotic radiculopathy, natural history and pathophysiology. In: Herkowitz HN, Rothman RH, Simeone FA, eds. Rothman-Simeone, the Spine. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1999:461-5.

  22. Fouyas IP, Statham PF. Operative treatment of cervical spondylosis. Br J Neurosurg. Dec 1998;12(6):594-5. [Medline].

  23. Hoff JT, Panadopoulos SM. Cervical disc disease and cervical spondylosis. In: Wilkins RH, Rengachary SS, eds. Neurosurgery. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1996:3756-74.

  24. Iwabuchi M, Kikuchi S, Sato K. Pathoanatomic investigation of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Fukushima J Med Sci. Dec 2004;50(2):47-54. [Medline].

  25. Jumah KB, Nyame PK. Relationship between load carrying on the head and cervical spondylosis in Ghanaians. West Afr J Med. Jul-Sep 1994;13(3):181-2. [Medline].

  26. Kadanka Z, Mares M, Bednarík J, et al. Predictive factors for mild forms of spondylotic cervical myelopathy treated conservatively or surgically. Eur J Neurol. Jan 2005;12(1):16-24.

  27. Kadanka Z, Mares M, Bednarík J, et al. Predictive factors for spondylotic cervical myelopathy treated conservatively or surgically. Eur J Neurol. Jan 2005;12(1):55-63.

  28. Kawaguchi Y, Kanamori M, Ishihara H, et al. Pathomechanism of myelopathy and surgical results of laminoplasty in elderly patients with cervical spondylosis. Spine. Oct 1 2003;28(19):2209-14. [Medline].

  29. Kimura R, Park YS, Nakase H, et al. Syringomyelia caused by cervical spondylosis. Acta Neurochir (Wien). Feb 2004;146(2):175-8. [Medline].

  30. Nurick S. The pathogenesis of the spinal cord disorder associated with cervical spondylosis. Brain. 1972;95(1):87-100. [Medline].

  31. Papadopoulos CA, Katonis P, Papagelopoulos PJ, et al. Surgical decompression for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: correlation between operative outcomes and MRI of the spinal cord. Orthopedics. Oct 2004;27(10):1087-91. [Medline].

  32. Rao RD, Currier BL, Albert TJ, et al. Degenerative cervical spondylosis: clinical syndromes, pathogenesis, and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Jun 2007;89(6):1360-78. [Medline].

  33. Sakaura H, Hosono N, Mukai Y, et al. Long-term outcome of laminoplasty for cervical myelopathy due to disc herniation: a comparative study of laminoplasty and anterior spinal fusion. Spine. Apr 1 2005;30(7):756-9. [Medline].

  34. Sari-Kouzel H, Cooper R. Managing pain from cervical spondylosis. Practitioner. Apr 1999;243(1597):334-8. [Medline].

  35. Singh A, Crockard HA, Platts A, et al. Clinical and radiological correlates of severity and surgery-related outcome in cervical spondylosis. J Neurosurg. Apr 2001;94(2 Suppl):189-98. [Medline].

Keywords

cervical spondylosis, spine, back paincervical spineneck painherniated disc, spinal stenosis, spondylosis, surgery spine, herniated disk, radiculopathy, spine pain, spinal cervical, stenosis, cervical, cervical spine surgery, cervical spondylotic myelopathy, cervical myelopathy, cervical arthritis, degenerative spondylosis, cervical osteoarthritis, spine spondylosis, degenerative arthropathy of the cervical spine, facet joints, longitudinal ligaments, ligamentum flavum, chronic cervical degeneration, cervical disk degeneration, disk herniation, spur formation, nerve root compression, progressive spinal cord compression, foraminal stenosis, spinal canal stenosis, chronic neck pain, quadriparesis, sphincteric dysfunction, chronic suboccipital headache, cervical radiculopathy, acute herniated disk, cervical intervertebral disk degeneration, transverse lesion syndrome, motor syndrome, central cord syndrome, brachialgia, tandem spinal stenosis, neurogenic claudication, gait abnormality, dysphagia, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, elevated hemidiaphragm, Spurling sign, Lhermitte sign, Hoffman sign, degenerative disk disease

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Hassan Ahmad Hassan Al-Shatoury, MD, PhD, MHPE,, Associate Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, Suez Canal University; Co-Director, Center of Research and Development in Medical Education and Health Services Suez Canal University Hospital
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Ayman Ali Galhom, MD, PhD, Lecturer (Associated Professor), Department of Neurosurgery, Suez Canal University Faculty of Medicine, Egypt
Ayman Ali Galhom, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Congress of Neurological Surgeons
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Curtis W Slipman, MD, Director, University of Pennsylvania Spine Center; Associate Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center
Curtis W Slipman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Association of Academic Physiatrists, International Association for the Study of Pain, and North American Spine Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Patrick M Foye, MD, FAAPMR, FAAEM, Associate Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Co-Director of Musculoskeletal Fellowship, Co-Director of Back Pain Clinic, Director of Coccyx Pain Service (Tailbone Pain Service: www.TailboneDoctor.com), University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School
Patrick M Foye, MD, FAAPMR, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, Association of Academic Physiatrists, and International Spine Intervention Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Kelly L Allen, MD, Regional Medical Director, IMX-Medical Management Services
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Consuelo T Lorenzo, MD, Consulting Staff, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Alegent Health Care, Immanuel Rehabilitation Center
Consuelo T Lorenzo, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

 
 
HONcode

We subscribe to the
HONcode principles of the
Health On the Net Foundation

All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright© 1994- by Medscape.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.