Lower Limb Orthotics: Multimedia

References

1. Janisse DJ, Janisse E. Shoe modification and the use of orthoses in the treatment of foot and ankle pathology. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. Mar 2008;16(3):152-8. [Medline].

2. [Best Evidence] Collins N, Crossley K, Beller E, et al. Foot orthoses and physiotherapy in the treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome: randomised clinical trial. BMJ. Oct 24 2008;337:a1735. [Medline]. [Full Text].

3. Trotter LC, Pierrynowski MR. Changes in gait economy between full-contact custom-made foot orthoses and prefabricated inserts in patients with musculoskeletal pain: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. Nov-Dec 2008;98(6):429-35. [Medline].

4. Chen CK, Hong WH, Chu NK, et al. Effects of an anterior ankle-foot orthosis on postural stability in stroke patients with hemiplegia. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. Oct 2008;87(10):815-20. [Medline].

5. Brehm MA, Harlaar J, Schwartz M. Effect of ankle-foot orthoses on walking efficiency and gait in children with cerebral palsy. J Rehabil Med. Jul 2008;40(7):529-34. [Medline].

6. Jacobs SR. Rehabilitation of the person with arthritis of the ankle and foot. Clin Podiatry. Aug 1984;1(2):373-99. [Medline].

7. Merritt JL. Knee-ankle-foot orthotics: long leg braces and their practical applications. In: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: State of the Art Reviews. vol 1. Philadelphia, Pa: Hanley & Belfus; 1987:67-82.

8. Orthotics and assistive devices. In: Molnar GE, ed. Pediatric Rehabilitation. Baltimore, Md: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1985:157-77.

9. Lower limb orthoses. In: Braddom RL, ed. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 1996:333-58.

10. Rubin G, Bonarrigo D, Danisi M. The shoe as a component of the orthosis. Prosthet Orthot Int. 1976;30(2):13-25.

11. Tan JC. Orthoses. In: Practical Manual of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Basic Problems. St Louis, Mo: Mosby; 1998:178-228.

Further Reading

Related eMedicine topics:
Assistive Devices to Improve Independence
Gait Analysis
Lower Limb Prosthetics
Rehabilitation Management of Neuromuscular Disease
Spasticity
Upper Limb Orthotics
Upper Limb Prosthetics

Clinical guidelines:
Diabetic foot disorders: a clinical practice guideline

Clinical trials:
Evaluating the Effects of Foot Orthotics on Plantar Pressures in the Diabetic Population
Efficacy of the WalkAide and AFOs for CVA

Keywords

lower limb orthotics, brace, splint, knee brace, orthotic, orthotics, orthosis, knee support, ankle support, AFO, foot orthosis, KAFO, foot orthotics, hinged knee brace, ankle-foot orthosis, ankle foot orthosis, lower extremity orthoses, orthotic devices, knee-ankle-foot orthosis, HKAFO, hip-knee-ankle-foot orthosis, THKAFO, trunk-hip-knee-ankle-foot orthosis

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Michael A Alexander, MD, FAAPMR, FAAP, Professor, Chief of Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Thomas Jefferson Medical College; Chief of Rehabilitation Medicine, Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children
Michael A Alexander, MD, FAAPMR, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American Medical Association, and Association of Academic Physiatrists
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Selina Yingqi Xing, MD, MS, Staff Physician, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Temple University
Selina Yingqi Xing, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Medical Association, and Physiatric Association of Spine, Sports and Occupational Rehabilitation
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sarjoo M Bhagia, MD, Honorary Teaching Faculty, Charlotte Institute of Rehabilitation, Consulting Staff, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, OrthoCarolina
Sarjoo M Bhagia, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Association of Academic Physiatrists, North American Spine Society, and Physiatric Association of Spine, Sports and Occupational Rehabilitation
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Everett C Hills, MD, MS, Medical Director, Penn State Hershey Rehabilitation Hospital, Assistant Professor of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Assistant Professor of Neurology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State University College of Medicine
Everett C Hills, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Disability Evaluating Physicians, American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American College of Physician Executives, American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, American Medical Association, American Society of Neurorehabilitation, Association of Academic Physiatrists, and Pennsylvania Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Patrick M Foye, MD, Associate Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Co-Director of Musculoskeletal Fellowship, Co-Director of Back Pain Clinic, Director of Coccyx Pain Service (Tailbone Pain Service: www.TailboneDoctor.com), University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School
Patrick M Foye, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, Association of Academic Physiatrists, and International Spine Intervention Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Kelly L Allen, MD, Regional Medical Director, IMX-Medical Management Services
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Robert H Meier III, MD, Director, Amputee Services of America; Active Medical Staff, Presbyterian/St Luke's Hospital, Spalding Rehabilitation Hospital, Select Specialty Hospital; Consulting Staff, Kindred Hospital
Robert H Meier III, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Association of Academic Physiatrists
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.