eMedicine Specialties > Rheumatology > Systemic Rheumatic Disease

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Multimedia

Author: Christie M Bartels, MD, Instructor of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Coauthor(s): Daniel Muller, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Associate Professor, University of Wisconsin at Madison
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Jan 22, 2009

Multimedia

In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), many genet...
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Media file 1: In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), many genetic-susceptibility factors, environmental triggers, antigen-antibody responses, B-cell and T-cell interactions, and immune clearance processes interact to generate and perpetuate autoimmunity.
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In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), many genet...

In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), many genetic-susceptibility factors, environmental triggers, antigen-antibody responses, B-cell and T-cell interactions, and immune clearance processes interact to generate and perpetuate autoimmunity.

The classic malar rash, also known as a butterfly...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 2: The classic malar rash, also known as a butterfly rash, with distribution over the cheeks and nasal bridge. Note that the fixed erythema, sometimes with mild induration as seen here, characteristically spares the nasolabial folds.
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The classic malar rash, also known as a butterfly...

The classic malar rash, also known as a butterfly rash, with distribution over the cheeks and nasal bridge. Note that the fixed erythema, sometimes with mild induration as seen here, characteristically spares the nasolabial folds.

Photosensitive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 3: Photosensitive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) rashes typically occur on the face or extremities, which are sun-exposed regions. Photo courtesy of Dr. Erik Stratman, Marshfield Clinic.
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Photosensitive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)...

Photosensitive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) rashes typically occur on the face or extremities, which are sun-exposed regions. Photo courtesy of Dr. Erik Stratman, Marshfield Clinic.

More on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Overview: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Treatment & Medication: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Follow-up: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Multimedia: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
References
Further Reading
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References

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  2. Rahman A, Isenberg DA. Systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. Feb 28 2008;358(9):929-39. [Medline].

  3. Andrade F, Casciola-Rosen L, Rosen A. Apoptosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical implications. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. May 2000;26(2):215-27, v. [Medline].

  4. Hahn BH, Karpouza GA, Tsao BP. Pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Harris ED, et al. Eds. Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology, 7th edition. Saunders, 2005;1174-1200.

  5. Helmick CG, Felson DT, Lawrence RC, Gabriel S, Hirsch R, Kwoh CK, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part I. Arthritis Rheum. Jan 2008;58(1):15-25. [Medline].

  6. Uramoto KM, Michet CJ Jr, Thumboo J, Sunku J, O'Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. Trends in the incidence and mortality of systemic lupus erythematosus, 1950-1992. Arthritis Rheum. Jan 1999;42(1):46-50. [Medline].

  7. Balluz L, Philen R, Ortega L, Rosales C, Brock J, Barr D, et al. Investigation of systemic lupus erythematosus in Nogales, Arizona. Am J Epidemiol. Dec 1 2001;154(11):1029-36. [Medline].

  8. Symmons DP. Frequency of lupus in people of African origin. Lupus. Jun 1995;4(3):176-8. [Medline].

  9. Trager J, Ward MM. Mortality and causes of death in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Rheumatol. Sep 2001;13(5):345-51. [Medline].

  10. Kasitanon N, Magder LS, Petri M. Predictors of survival in systemic lupus erythematosus. Medicine (Baltimore). May 2006;85(3):147-56. [Medline].

  11. Urowitz MB, Bookman AA, Koehler BE, Gordon DA, Smythe HA, Ogryzlo MA. The bimodal mortality pattern of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med. Feb 1976;60(2):221-5. [Medline].

  12. Manzi S, Meilahn EN, Rairie JE, Conte CG, Medsger TA Jr, Jansen-McWilliams L, et al. Age-specific incidence rates of myocardial infarction and angina in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison with the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. Mar 1 1997;145(5):408-15. [Medline].

  13. Alarcón GS, McGwin G Jr, Bastian HM, Roseman J, Lisse J, Fessler BJ, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. VII [correction of VIII]. Predictors of early mortality in the LUMINA cohort. LUMINA Study Group. Arthritis Rheum. Apr 2001;45(2):191-202. [Medline].

  14. Costenbader KH, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Karlson EW. Reproductive and menopausal factors and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in women. Arthritis Rheum. Apr 2007;56(4):1251-62. [Medline].

  15. Edworthy SM. Clinical Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. In: Harris ED, et al, eds. Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. 7th ed. Saunders; 2005:1201-24.

  16. Gladman DD, Urowitz MB. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Clinical Features. In: Klippel JH, Dieppe PA, eds. Rheumatology. 2nd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 1998:7.1.1-7.1.18.

  17. Jennekens FG, Kater L. The central nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus. Part 1. Clinical syndromes: a literature investigation. Rheumatology (Oxford). Jun 2002;41(6):605-18. [Medline].

  18. Jennekens FG, Kater L. The central nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus. Part 2. Pathogenetic mechanisms of clinical syndromes: a literature investigation. Rheumatology (Oxford). Jun 2002;41(6):619-30. [Medline].

  19. Crow MK. Collaboration, genetic associations, and lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. Feb 28 2008;358(9):956-61. [Medline].

  20. Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, Masi AT, McShane DJ, Rothfield NF, et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. Nov 1982;25(11):1271-7. [Medline].

  21. Hochberg MC. Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. Sep 1997;40(9):1725. [Medline].

  22. Elkon KB. Systemic lupus erythematosus: autoantibodies in SLE. In: Klippel JH, Dieppe PA, eds. Rheumatology. 2nd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 1998.

  23. Weening JJ, D'Agati VD, Schwartz MM, Seshan SV, Alpers CE, Appel GB. The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited. J Am Soc Nephrol. Feb 2004;15(2):241-50. [Medline].

  24. Hahn BH. Management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. In: Harris ED, et al, eds. Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. 7th ed. Saunders; 2005:1225-47.

  25. [Guideline] Wajed J, Ahmad Y, Durrington PN, Bruce IN. Prevention of cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus--proposed guidelines for risk factor management. Rheumatology (Oxford). Jan 2004;43(1):7-12. [Medline].

  26. Ginzler EM, Dooley MA, Aranow C, Kim MY, Buyon J, Merrill JT. Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. Nov 24 2005;353(21):2219-28. [Medline].

  27. Alarcón GS, McGwin G, Bertoli AM, Fessler BJ, Calvo-Alén J, Bastian HM, et al. Effect of hydroxychloroquine on the survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from LUMINA, a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA L). Ann Rheum Dis. Sep 2007;66(9):1168-72. [Medline].

  28. [Best Evidence] Petri M, Kim MY, Kalunian KC, Grossman J, Hahn BH, Sammaritano LR. Combined oral contraceptives in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. Dec 15 2005;353(24):2550-8. [Medline].

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Further Reading

Additional resources on system lupus erythematosus (SLE) are available at Medscape's Lupus Resource Center.

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Keywords

systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE, lupus, systemic lupus, multisystem inflammatory disease, autoimmune disorder, chronic autoimmune disease, multisystem microvascular inflammation, nephritis, severe systemic vasculitis, malar rash, discoid rash, photosensitivity, Jaccoud arthropathy, butterfly rash, discoid lupus, lupus profundus, vasculitic purpura, microangiopathic lupus cerebritis, renal lupus, CNS lupus, lupus pneumonitis, chronic lupus interstitial lung disease, lupus disease, lupus peritonitis, drug-induced lupus erythematosus, neonatal lupus, lupus nephritis, lupus skin rash, lupus arthritis, lupus flare

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Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Christie M Bartels, MD, Instructor of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Christie M Bartels, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine and American College of Rheumatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Daniel Muller, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Associate Professor, University of Wisconsin at Madison
Daniel Muller, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American College of Rheumatology, and American Holistic Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Carlos J Lozada, MD, Director of Rheumatology Fellowship Program, Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jackson Memorial Medical Center, University of Miami School of Medicine
Carlos J Lozada, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and American College of Rheumatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Elliot Goldberg, MD, Dean of the Western Pennsylvania Clinical Campus, Professor, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine
Elliot Goldberg, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, and American College of Rheumatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Alex J Mechaber, MD, FACP, Associate Dean for Undergraduate Medical Education, Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Alex J Mechaber, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, and Society of General Internal Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Herbert S Diamond, MD, Professor of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine; Chairman Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Western Pennsylvania Hospital
Herbert S Diamond, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology, American Medical Association, and Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: medifocus Honoraria Review panel membership; health dialogs Honoraria Consulting; West Penn Allegheny Health System None Board membership

 
 
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