AA (Inflammatory) Amyloidosis Clinical Presentation

  • Author: Richa Dhawan, MD; Chief Editor: Herbert S Diamond, MD   more...
 
Updated: Aug 23, 2011
 

History

The most common presentation of amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis is renal. Renal involvement is found in as many as 90% of patients. Thus, symptoms reflect the appearance of proteinuria, progressive development of renal insufficiency, or nephrotic syndrome.

  • Weakness, weight loss, and peripheral edema are the most common symptoms.
  • In patients with active RA, some of these symptoms may be incorrectly attributed to progression of the inflammatory disease or to adverse effects of drugs. But the development of proteinuria in patients with RA should always raise the suspicion of AA amyloidosis.
  • The amyloid deposits occur in the spleen and liver. However, even a significant splenic and hepatic load may remain asymptomatic for long periods. Splenic involvement might be suspected if Howell–Jolly bodies are found in a peripheral blood smear of a nonsplenectomized patient, or by frequent episodes of infections.
  • Rarely, evidence of bowel involvement dominates the presentation. GI involvement may lead to motility disorders and pseudo-obstruction. Amyloid accumulations in the small intestine can cause generalized malabsorption. The weakened bowel wall can rupture, leading to peritonitis. Blood vessel wall and tissue amyloid predispose to bleeding.
  • Again, in patients with inflammatory joint disease, the GI symptoms can also be secondary to treatment, particularly with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
  • Goiter has also been reported as a possible feature of symptomatic AA amyloidosis.
  • Cardiac AA deposits may be revealed with echocardiography in about 10% of patients. Clinical evidence of cardiac involvement occurs in as many as 50% of patients with AL amyloidosis compared with less than 5% with AA amyloidosis. Amyloid accumulation in the heart may be suggested by by decreased voltage in the electrocardiogram limb leads, pseudoinfarction pattern in form of Q-waves in the anterior chest leads, and by thickening of the left ventricular wall disproportionate to the degree of current or prior hypertension. The hypomotile and pathological heart wall and failing heart predispose to mural thrombosis and embolic complications. Such right-sided heart involvement is a major prognostic determinant in AL amyloidosis, but uncommon in AA amyloidosis. Amyloid in the conduction pathways can lead to high-grade blocks.[12]
  • In contrast to AL amyloidosis and other amyloidoses, congestive heart failure, peripheral neuropathy, or carpal tunnel syndrome occasionally occurs during the course of AA amyloidosis, but they are rarely, if ever, a presenting manifestation.
  • In patients with FMF, the history of periodic fever, arthritis, serositis, and the presence of the same disorder in other family members are characteristic. Some instances have been reported in which febrile episodes are not apparent, and renal amyloid is the first manifestation of disease.
  • In patients with atrial myxoma or renal carcinoma, the appearance of symptoms consistent with nephrotic syndrome or renal failure due to amyloidosis may be the first evidence of the primary neoplastic disease.
  • In general, the appearance of symptoms suggesting renal disease in a patient with chronic infectious or noninfectious inflammation should raise a warning flag with respect to the presence of AA amyloidosis as a complication.
  • Rarely, a more specific symptom, such as abdominal fullness or right upper quadrant discomfort (reflecting hepatomegaly), might bring the patient to the physician.
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Physical

  • Patients with amyloid renal disease are commonly hypertensive, although whether the hypertension is associated with the renal amyloidosis or is a coincidental finding is not always clear.
  • Sallow complexion and peripheral edema are the main physical findings in individuals with either renal failure or nephrotic syndrome.
  • The purpura and macroglossia observed in AL amyloidosis are not features of AA amyloidosis, nor is the orthostatic hypotension associated with AL amyloidosis or the familial amyloidoses, unless gastrointestinal bleeding or other forms of hypovolemia associated with renal dysfunction are present.
  • The major physical findings may be those associated with the primary inflammatory disease, notably deforming arthritis.
  • The appearance of hepatosplenomegaly in a patient with ongoing inflammation should prompt investigation for amyloidosis, although some patients with severe RA develop splenomegaly with subsequent Felty syndrome (splenomegaly and neutropenia or pancytopenia in the course of RA). These patients with Felty syndrome generally have normal renal function, although they might have a renal disease other than AA deposition.
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Causes

  • Chronic infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, leprosy, bronchiectasis, chronic osteomyelitis, and chronic pyelonephritis, have been associated with AA amyloidosis. The precise frequencies are difficult to ascertain, but they may be as high as 10% in some chronic suppurative disorders (eg, osteomyelitis).
  • The overall incidence in autopsies in western countries is estimated at 0.5-0.86%, where the most frequent underlying diseases are RA (23-51%), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (7-48%), and AS (0-12%).[5, 13]
  • RA is the most common rheumatic cause of AA amyloidosis. However, most patients with RA do not have development of AA amyloidosis. Prolonged duration of disease, continuous disease activity, and inadequate treatment are risk factors for AA amyloidosis. Renal failure due to amyloid deposition usually occurs in the fifth decade of life. In living patients with RA, the incidence of AA found in biopsies ranges from 7-29%.
  • In industrialized countries, chronic noninfectious inflammatory diseases are more commonly the cause of AA amyloidosis. In RA, the incidence is 5-26%, being found more often on autopsy than biopsy. The frequency of AA amyloidosis may be lower in patients treated earlier and more aggressively. Other inflammatory disorders associated with AA amyloidosis include the following:
  • The most common cause of renal involvement in ankylosing spondylitis is AA amyloidosis (62%), followed by IgA nephropathy (30%).[1]
  • AA amyloidosis is a rare complication of inflammatory bowel disease and occurs more commonly in Crohn disease and in males. The reason that Crohn disease is more readily complicated by AA amyloidosis than ulcerative colitis is not known but may be secondary to greater degree of sustained inflammation in association with the former and, in particular, the suppurative features of Crohn disease such as abscesses and fistulae may be risk factors.[14]
  • Chronic juvenile arthritis seems to be a special case, with a large geographic variance (7-48%) in the incidence of AA amyloidosis depending on whether the analysis was performed in the United States (low) or Eastern Europe (high).
  • In the 1980s, a high frequency of renal AA amyloidosis was observed among subcutaneous drug abusers in some cities in the United States. Whether this was related to the drug or to some contaminating substance that elicited chronic inflammation when injected subcutaneously is not clear.
  • FMF is characterized by recurrent attacks of fever, arthritis, pleuritis, peritonitis, or erysipelas like erythema lasting 24–48 hours. FMF begins in childhood and usually affects persons of Mediterranean origin. AA amyloidosis develops in upto one-quarter of patients with FMF. Renal AA amyloidosis is virtually a universal complication of FMF in some populations if the patients are not compliant with colchicine prophylaxis. Other hereditary fever syndromes, such as tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous articular syndrome (CINCA), Muckle-Wells syndrome, and hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with periodic fever syndrome (HIDS), may be complicated by AA amyloidosis.
  • Among tumors, hypernephroma has been associated with AA amyloidosis. More recently, Castleman disease (angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia) has been recognized as a cause of amyloidosis. Resection of the tumor can lead to the regression of clinical signs of amyloid nephropathy.[15]
  • Among other noninfectious chronic inflammatory diseases, AA amyloidosis has been reported in systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, and polymyalgia rheumatica and has been observed in temporal artery biopsy samples of such patients. AA amyloidosis has also been noted in patients with gout, pseudogout, and some cases of apparently noninflammatory sarcoidosis.
  • Because SAA production is mediated through inflammatory cytokines, primarily IL-6, AA deposition has been noted in other disorders associated with increased IL-6 production. Occasionally, patients with atrial myxomas, renal cell carcinomas, Hodgkin disease, hairy cell leukemia, and carcinomas of the lung and stomach have been found to have renal AA amyloidosis, presumably because of production of the cytokine by the tumor cells. Paradoxically, some patients with agammaglobulinemia also have developed AA amyloidosis, demonstrating the dissociation between cytokine production and the synthesis of its normal downstream effector molecules, immunoglobulins.
  • Few case reports have described patients with cyclic neutropenia developing AA amyloidosis.
  • As many as 6% of patients with AA amyloidosis have no clinically overt inflammatory disease.
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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Richa Dhawan, MD  Faculty, Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center at Shreveport

Richa Dhawan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, and American College of Rheumatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Mohammed Mubashir Ahmed, MD  Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Toledo College of Medicine

Mohammed Mubashir Ahmed, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology, and American Federation for Medical Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Eisha Mubashir, MD  Fellow in Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Fellow, Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joel Buxbaum, MD  Professor, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute

Joel Buxbaum, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society for Clinical Investigation, American Society of Human Genetics, and Association of American Physicians

Disclosure: Foldrx pharmaceuticals Consulting fee Consulting; Isis pharmaceuticals Consulting fee Consulting

Ratinder J Kaur  MD, MD, Fellow, Department of Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Robert E Wolf, MD, PhD  Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport; Chief, Rheumatology Section, Medical Service, Overton Brooks Veterans Administration Medical Center of Shreveport

Robert E Wolf, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Rheumatology, Arthritis Foundation, and Society for Leukocyte Biology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD  Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Elliot Goldberg, MD  Dean of the Western Pennsylvania Clinical Campus, Professor, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine

Elliot Goldberg, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, and American College of Rheumatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Alex J Mechaber, MD, FACP  Senior Associate Dean for Undergraduate Medical Education, Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine

Alex J Mechaber, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, and Society of General Internal Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Herbert S Diamond, MD  Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Chairman Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Western Pennsylvania Hospital

Herbert S Diamond, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology, American Medical Association, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Merck Ownership interest Other; Smith Kline Ownership interest Other; Zimmer Ownership interest Other

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