Polymyositis: Multimedia

References

1. Bohan A. History and classification of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Clin Dermatol. Apr-Jun 1988;6(2):3-8. [Medline].

2. Schnabel A, Hellmich B, Gross WL. Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. Apr 2005;7(2):99-105. [Medline].

3. Cherin P, Pelletier S, Teixeira A, et al. Results and long-term followup of intravenous immunoglobulin infusions in chronic, refractory polymyositis: an open study with thirty-five adult patients. Arthritis Rheum. Feb 2002;46(2):467-74. [Medline].

4. Kumar A, Teuber SS, Gershwin ME. Intravenous immunoglobulin: striving for appropriate use. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2006;140(3):185-98. [Medline].

5. Hengstman G, Van den Housen F, Van Engelen B. Anti-TNF-blockade with infliximab (Remicade) in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Arthritis and Rheumatology. 2000;43(9):S193.

6. Levine TD. Rituximab in the treatment of dermatomyositis: an open-label pilot study. Arthritis Rheum. Feb 2005;52(2):601-7. [Medline].

7. Alexanderson H. Exercise: an important component of treatment in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Curr Rheumatol Rep. Apr 2005;7(2):115-24. [Medline].

8. Adams EM, Plotz PH. The treatment of myositis. How to approach resistant disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. Feb 1995;21(1):179-202. [Medline].

9. Aleksza M, Szegedi A, Antal-Szalmás P, Irinyi B, Gergely L, Ponyi A, et al. Altered cytokine expression of peripheral blood lymphocytes in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Ann Rheum Dis. Oct 2005;64(10):1485-9. [Medline].

10. Amato AA, Barohn RJ. Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Neurol Clin. Aug 1997;15(3):615-48. [Medline].

11. Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (first of two parts). N Engl J Med. Feb 13 1975;292(7):344-7. [Medline].

12. Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (second of two parts). N Engl J Med. Feb 20 1975;292(8):403-7. [Medline].

13. Briani C, Doria A, Sarzi-Puttini P, et al. Update on idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Autoimmunity. May 2006;39(3):161-70. [Medline].

14. [Best Evidence] Choy EH, Hoogendijk JE, Lecky B, et al. Immunosuppressant and immunomodulatory treatment for dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Jul 20 2005;CD003643. [Medline].

15. Dalakas MC. Polymyositis, dermatomyositis and inclusion-body myositis. N Engl J Med. Nov 21 1991;325(21):1487-98. [Medline].

16. Hicks JE. Rehabilitating patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Musculoskel Med. 1995;12:4-54.

17. Hill CL, Zhang Y, Sigurgeirsson B, et al. Frequency of specific cancer types in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a population-based study. Lancet. Jan 13 2001;357(9250):96-100. [Medline].

18. Marie I, Hachulla E, Cherin P, et al. Opportunistic infections in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. Apr 15 2005;53(2):155-65. [Medline].

19. O'Rourke KS. Myopathies in the elderly. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. Aug 2000;26(3):647-72, viii. [Medline].

20. Oddis CV. Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a treatment update. Curr Rheumatol Rep. Dec 2003;5(6):431-6. [Medline].

21. Plotz PH, Miller F, Hoffman E, et al. Workshop on inflammatory myopathy Bethesda, 5-6 April 2000. Neuromuscul Disord. Jan 2001;11(1):93-5. [Medline].

22. Plotz PH, Rider LG, Targoff IN, et al. NIH conference. Myositis: immunologic contributions to understanding cause, pathogenesis, and therapy. Ann Intern Med. May 1 1995;122(9):715-24. [Medline].

23. Reimers CD, Finkenstaedt M. Muscle imaging in inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol. Nov 1997;9(6):475-85. [Medline].

24. Salomonsson S, Lundberg IE. Cytokines in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Autoimmunity. May 2006;39(3):177-90. [Medline].

25. Spiera R, Kagen L. Extramuscular manifestations in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol. Nov 1998;10(6):556-61. [Medline].

26. Targoff IN. Update on myositis-specific and myositis-associated autoantibodies. Curr Opin Rheumatol. Nov 2000;12(6):475-81. [Medline].

27. Henes JC, Heinzelmann F, Wacker A, Seelig HP, Klein R, Bornemann A, et al. Antisignal recognition particle-positive polymyositis successfully treated with myeloablative autologous stem cell transplantation. Ann Rheum Dis. Mar 2009;68(3):447-8. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

polymyositis, PM, primary idiopathic polymyositis, idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, dermatomyositis, DM, inclusion body myositis, IBM, virus-mediated muscle injury, microvascular insult, collagen vascular disease

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Ramesh Pappu, MD, Adjuct Associate Professor of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine
Ramesh Pappu, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin, American College of Rheumatology, and American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Mythili Seetharaman, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Consulting Staff, Einstein Arthritis Center, Albert Einstein Medical Center, St Christopher's Hospital for Children
Mythili Seetharaman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Rheumatology and American Medical Association
Disclosure: Novartis Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Medical Editor

Kristine M Lohr, MD, MS, Program Director, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Women's Health, University of Kentucky School of Medicine
Kristine M Lohr, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology, and American Medical Women's Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Lawrence H Brent, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University; Chair, Program Director, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein Medical Center
Lawrence H Brent, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Immunologists, American College of Physicians, and American College of Rheumatology
Disclosure: Genentech Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Genentech Grant/research funds Other; Amgen Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Wyeth Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Abbott Immunology Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Takeda Honoraria Speaking and teaching; UCB  Speaking and teaching; Omnicare Consulting fee Consulting; Centocor Consulting fee Consulting; Roche Grant/research funds Other

CME Editor

Alex J Mechaber, MD, FACP, Associate Dean for Undergraduate Medical Education, Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Alex J Mechaber, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, and Society of General Internal Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Herbert S Diamond, MD, Professor of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine; Chairman Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Western Pennsylvania Hospital
Herbert S Diamond, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology, American Medical Association, and Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: medifocus Honoraria Review panel membership; health dialogs Honoraria Consulting; West Penn Allegheny Health System None Board membership