Brain, Multiple Sclerosis: Follow-up

References

1. Anderson DW, Ellenberg JH, Leventhal CM, et al. Revised estimate of the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the United States. Ann Neurol. Mar 1992;31(3):333-6. [Medline].

2. Arnold DL, Matthews PM, Francis G, Antel J. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human brain in vivo in the evaluation of multiple sclerosis: assessment of the load of disease. Magn Reson Med. Apr 1990;14(1):154-9. [Medline].

3. Barkhof F, Filippi M, Miller DH, et al. Comparison of MRI criteria at first presentation to predict conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis. Brain. Nov 1997;120(Pt 11):2059-69. [Medline].

4. Beck RW, Cleary PA, Trobe JD, et al. The effect of corticosteroids for acute optic neuritis on the subsequent development of multiple sclerosis. The Optic Neuritis Study Group. N Engl J Med. Dec 9 1993;329(24):1764-9. [Medline].

5. Berg D, Maurer M, Warmuth-Metz M, et al. The correlation between ventricular diameter measured by transcranial sonography and clinical disability and cognitive dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. Sep 2000;57(9):1289-92. [Medline].

6. De Stefano N, Narayanan S, Francis GS, et al. Evidence of axonal damage in the early stages of multiple sclerosis and its relevance to disability. Arch Neurol. Jan 2001;58(1):65-70. [Medline].

7. Fazekas F, Offenbacher H, Fuchs S, et al. Criteria for an increased specificity of MRI interpretation in elderly subjects with suspected multiple sclerosis. Neurology. Dec 1988;38(12):1822-5. [Medline].

8. Gean-Marton AD, Vezina LG, Marton KI, et al. Abnormal corpus callosum: a sensitive and specific indicator of multiple sclerosis. Radiology. Jul 1991;180(1):215-21. [Medline].

9. Hashemi RH, Bradley WG Jr, Chen DY, et al. Suspected multiple sclerosis: MR imaging with a thin-section fast FLAIR pulse sequence. Radiology. Aug 1995;196(2):505-10. [Medline].

10. Hauser SL. Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, et al, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill;1994:2287-95.

11. Koldewijn EL, Hommes OR, Lemmens WA, et al. Relationship between lower urinary tract abnormalities and disease- related parameters in multiple sclerosis. J Urol. Jul 1995;154(1):169-73. [Medline].

12. Litwiller SE, Frohman EM, Zimmern PE. Multiple sclerosis and the urologist. J Urol. Mar 1999;161(3):743-57. [Medline].

13. Lukes SA, Crooks LE, Aminoff MJ, et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. Jun 1983;13(6):592-601. [Medline].

14. McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. Jul 2001;50(1):121-7. [Medline].

15. McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the international panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2001;50:121-7.

16. McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. Jul 2001;50(1):121-7. [Medline].

17. Morrissey SP, Miller DH, Kendall BE, et al. The significance of brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities at presentation with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. A 5-year follow-up study. Brain. Feb 1993;116 (Pt 1):135-46. [Medline].

18. Noseworthy JH, Lucchinetti C, Rodriguez M, Weinshenker BG. Multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. Sep 28 2000;343(13):938-52. [Medline].

19. O''Riordan JI, Thompson AJ, Kingsley DP, et al. The prognostic value of brain MRI in clinically isolated syndromes of the CNS. A 10-year follow-up. Brain. Mar 1998;121(Pt 3):495-503. [Medline].

20. Ormerod IE, Miller DH, McDonald WI, et al. The role of NMR imaging in the assessment of multiple sclerosis and isolated neurological lesions. A quantitative study. Brain. Dec 1987;110(Pt 6):1579-616. [Medline].

21. Paty DW, Oger JJ, Kastrukoff LF, et al. MRI in the diagnosis of MS: a prospective study with comparison of clinical evaluation, evoked potentials, oligoclonal banding, and CT. Neurology. Feb 1988;38(2):180-5. [Medline].

22. Poser A. New Diagnostic Criteria For Multiple Sclerosis; Guidelines For Research Protocols. Ann Neurol. 1983;13:227-31.

23. Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg L. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols. Ann Neurol. Mar 1983;13(3):227-31. [Medline].

24. Rao SM, Leo GJ, Bernardin L. Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis, I: frequency, patterns, and prediction. Neurology. May 1991;41(5):685-91. [Medline].

25. Rizzo JF 3rd, Lessell S. Risk of developing multiple sclerosis after uncomplicated optic neuritis: a long-term prospective study. Neurology. Feb 1988;38(2):185-90. [Medline].

26. Robertson WD, Li D, Mayo J. Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 1985;232(Suppl 1):58.

27. Sandberg-Wollheim M, Bynke H, Cronqvist S, et al. A long-term prospective study of optic neuritis: evaluation of risk factors. Ann Neurol. Apr 1990;27(4):386-93. [Medline].

28. Schumacher GA, Beebe G, Kibler RF. Problems of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis: report by the panel on the evaluation of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1965;122:552-68.

29. Tintore M, Rovira A, Martinez MJ, et al. Isolated demyelinating syndromes: comparison of different MR imaging criteria to predict conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. Apr 2000;21(4):702-6. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

MS, brain lesions, MS lesions, brain plaques, MS plaques, autoimmune disease, cognitive impairment, neurologic deficit, relapsing-remitting MS, chronic-progressive MS, inactive MS, clinically definite multiple sclerosis, CDMS

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

James A Wilson, MD, MSc, FRCPC, BSc(H), Neurologist and Clinical Neurophysiologist, Oconee Neurology Services
James A Wilson, MD, MSc, FRCPC, BSc(H) is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology and Ontario Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Omar Islam, MD, FRCP(C), Assistant Professor of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen's University; Consulting Staff, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Kingston General Hospital
Omar Islam, MD, FRCP(C) is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Canadian Medical Association, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, Ontario Medical Association, Radiological Society of North America, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Jeffrey L Creasy, MD, Associate Professor, Associate Section Head, Division of Neuroradiology, Director, Neuroradiology Fellowship, Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University
Jeffrey L Creasy, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, and Radiological Society of North America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Bernard D Coombs, MB, ChB, PhD, Consulting Staff, Department of Specialist Rehabilitation Services, Hutt Valley District Health Board, New Zealand
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Robert M Krasny, MD, Consulting Staff, Department of Radiology, The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute
Robert M Krasny, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Roentgen Ray Society and Radiological Society of North America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

James G Smirniotopoulos, MD, Professor of Radiology, Neurology, and Biomedical Informatics, Chairman, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
James G Smirniotopoulos, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, American Roentgen Ray Society, American Society of Head and Neck Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, American Society of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Association of University Radiologists, and Radiological Society of North America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.