Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Multimedia

References

1. Bederson JB, Connolly ES Jr, Batjer HH, Dacey RG, Dion JE, Diringer MN, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke. Jan 22 2009;[Medline].

2. Bederson J B, Connolly E Jr, Batjer H H, MD, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke. 2009;40:994-1025. Available at http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/40/3/994. Accessed May 21, 2009.

3. Ingall T, Asplund K, Mahonen M. A multinational comparison of subarachnoid hemorrhage epidemiology in the WHO MONICA stroke study. Stroke. May 2000;31(5):1054-61. [Medline].

4. Laligam S, Heros R. Origin, growth, and rupture of saccular aneurysms: a review. Neurosurgery. 1981;8:248-60.

5. Mayberg MR, Batjer HH, Dacey R. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke. Nov 1994;25(11):2315-28. [Medline].

6. Wiebers D. The International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators: unruptured intracranial aneurysms—risk of rupture and risks of surgical intervention. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1725-32.

7. Johnston SC. Effect of endovascular services and hospital volume on cerebral aneurysm treatment outcomes. Stroke. Jan 2000;31(1):111-7. [Medline].

8. Hunt WE, Hess RM. Surgical risk as related to time of intervention in the repair of intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1968;28:14-20.

9. Ayer RE, Zhang JH. The clinical significance of acute brain injury in subarachnoid hemorrhage and opportunity for intervention. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2008;105:179-84. [Medline].

10. Hirsch KG, Froehler MT, Huang J, Ziai WC. Occurrence of Perimesencephalic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage During Pregnancy. Neurocrit Care. Jan 30 2009;[Medline].

11. Ro A, Kageyama N, Abe N, Takatsu A, Fukunaga T. Intracranial vertebral artery dissection resulting in fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage: clinical and histopathological investigations from a medicolegal perspective. J Neurosurg. Feb 6 2009;[Medline].

12. Togha M, Sahraian MA, Khorram M, Khashayar P. Warning signs and symptoms of subarachnoid hemorrhage. South Med J. Jan 2009;102(1):21-4. [Medline].

13. [Best Evidence] Macdonald RL, Kassell NF, Mayer S, Ruefenacht D, Schmiedek P, Weidauer S, et al. Clazosentan to overcome neurological ischemia and infarction occurring after subarachnoid hemorrhage (CONSCIOUS-1): randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 dose-finding trial. Stroke. Nov 2008;39(11):3015-21. [Medline].

14. [Best Evidence] Kronvall E, Undrén P, Romner B, Säveland H, Cronqvist M, Nilsson OG. Nimodipine in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study of intravenous or peroral administration. J Neurosurg. Jan 2009;110(1):58-63. [Medline].

15. Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM. Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery. Jan 1980;6(1):1-9. [Medline].

16. Latchaw RE, Silva P, Falcone SF. The role of CT following aneurysmal rupture. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. Nov 1997;7(4):693-708. [Medline].

17. Yuzawa H, Higano S, Mugikura S, Umetsu A, Murata T, Nakagawa A. Pseudo-subarachnoid hemorrhage found in patients with postresuscitation encephalopathy: characteristics of CT findings and clinical importance. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. Sep 2008;29(8):1544-9. [Medline].

18. Stuckey SL, Goh TD, Heffernan T, Rowan D. Hyperintensity in the subarachnoid space on FLAIR MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Oct 2007;189(4):913-21. [Medline].

19. Morris JM, Miller GM. Increased signal in the subarachnoid space on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging associated with the clearance dynamics of gadolinium chelate: a potential diagnostic pitfall. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. Nov-Dec 2007;28(10):1964-7. [Medline].

20. Rajendran JG, Lewis DH, Newell DW, Winn HR. Brain SPECT used to evaluate vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: correlation with angiography and transcranial Doppler. Clin Nucl Med. Feb 2001;26(2):125-30. [Medline].

21. Edlow JA, Caplan LR. Avoiding pitfalls in the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. Jan 6 2000;342(1):29-36. [Medline].

Further Reading

Related eMedicine topics

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Neurology

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Emergency Medicine

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Neurosurgery

Clinical guidelines

Clinical policy: neuroimaging and decisionmaking in adult mild traumatic brain injury in the acute setting. American College of Emergency Physicians - Medical Specialty Society.  2008 Nov 25.  35 pages.  NGC:006720

Clinical policy: critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with acute headache. American College of Emergency Physicians - Medical Specialty Society.  2002 (revised 2008 Oct).  30 pages.  NGC:006719

Diagnosis and initial treatment of ischemic stroke. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization.  2001 Oct (revised 2008 Jun).  57 pages.  NGC:006681

Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke. A guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups. American Heart Association - Professional Association
American Stroke Association - Disease Specific Society.  2007 Apr 12.  58 pages.  NGC:005693

Clinical trials

Treating Patients With Aneurysmal SubArachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) With Epoetin Alfa (EPO)

Treatment of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage With Human Albumin

Serial Echocardiography After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SEAS)

Hypothalamo-, Pituitary-, Adrenal Axis Dysfunction in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAHENDO)

Evaluation of Cerebral Spinal Fluid and Blood in Patients With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Keywords

subarachnoid hemorrhage, brain stroke, head trauma, brain hemorrhage, hemorrhagic stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, SAH, intracranial hemorrhage, subarachnoid bleeding, subarachnoid space, intracranial aneurysms, benign perimesencephalic hemorrhage, nontraumatic SAH, traumatic SAH, aneurysmal SAH

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Abner Gershon, MD, Director of Interventional Neuroradiology, St Francis Hospital and Medical Center; Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Radiology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine
Abner Gershon, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, and Connecticut State Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Robert S Feld, MD, Consulting Staff, Department of Radiology, Radiology Associates of Hartford, PC, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael T Twohig, MD, Clinical Instructor, Yale University; Assistant Clinical Professor, University of Connecticut School of Medicine; President and Chief, Radiology Associates of Hartford, PC; Chair, Department of Radiology, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Hugh J F Robertson, MD, DMR, FRCPC, FRCR, FACR, Professor Emeritus of Radiology, Professor of Clinical Radiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Clinical Professor of Radiology, Tulane University School of Medicine; Active Staff, Department of Radiology, University Hospital
Hugh J F Robertson, MD, DMR, FRCPC, FRCR, FACR is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, American Roentgen Ray Society, American Society of Neuroradiology, American Society of Spine Radiology, Louisiana State Medical Society, Orleans Parish Medical Society, Radiological Society of North America, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Royal College of Radiologists, and Royal Society of Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Bernard D Coombs, MB, ChB, PhD, Consulting Staff, Department of Specialist Rehabilitation Services, Hutt Valley District Health Board, New Zealand
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Robert M Krasny, MD, Consulting Staff, Department of Radiology, Resolution Imaging Medical Corporation
Robert M Krasny, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Roentgen Ray Society and Radiological Society of North America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Eugene C Lin, MD, Consulting Radiologist, Virginia Mason Medical Center; Clinical Assistant Professor of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine
Eugene C Lin, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Nuclear Medicine, American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America, and Society of Nuclear Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.