eMedicine Specialties > Radiology > Cardiac

Cardiac Tumors: Follow-up

Author: Julia Gates, MD, Consulting Staff and Assistant Residency Program Director, Department of Radiology, Baystate Medical Center
Coauthor(s): George Hartnell, MB, Professor of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Director of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Baystate Medical Center
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Jul 30, 2008

Intervention

Benign cardiac tumors can usually be resected and have a good prognosis.

Lymphoma tends to be responsive to chemotherapy.39 Rhabdomyosarcomas may also be treated with chemotherapy. Pediatric rhabdomyomas are conservatively treated because many resolve spontaneously. Angiosarcomas have a poor prognosis and are not responsive to chemotherapy. Most patients die within 6 months of the diagnosis.6,12 In extreme cases, selective embolization or chemoembolization may help relieve the symptoms (see Image 19).

Outflow obstructions can be treated with stenting.108

Benign cysts can safely be drained under echocardiographic or CT guidance with a high expectation of success (see Images 28-30).

 


More on Cardiac Tumors

Overview: Cardiac Tumors
Imaging: Cardiac Tumors
Follow-up: Cardiac Tumors
Multimedia: Cardiac Tumors
References

References

  1. Majano-Lainez RA. Cardiac tumors: a current clinical and pathological perspective. Crit Rev Oncog. 1997;8(4):293-303. [Medline].

  2. Waller DA, Ettles DF, Saunders NR, Williams G. Recurrent cardiac myxoma: the surgical implications of two distinct groups of patients. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Aug 1989;37(4):226-30. [Medline].

  3. Inoue H, Shimokawa S, Iguro Y, et al. Involvement of the right atrium by malignant lymphoma as a cause of right cardiac failure: report of a case. Surg Today. 2000;30(4):394-6. [Medline].

  4. Gosalbez F, Miralles T, Cofino J, et al. Primary lymphomas of the heart in immunocompetent patients. Presentation of two cases with one 12 year survival. Analysis of surgical implications. Minerva Cardioangiol. Mar 1999;47(3):75-9. [Medline].

  5. Nakamura Y, Nishiya Y, Kawada M, et al. Primary hemangiopericytoma of the heart associated with pseudoaneurysm of the pulmonary artery--a case report. Angiology. Oct 1987;38(10):788-92. [Medline].

  6. Shapiro LM. Cardiac tumours: diagnosis and management. Heart. Feb 2001;85(2):218-22. [Medline].

  7. Kemp JL, Kessler RM, Raizada V, Williamson MR. Case report. MR and CT appearance of cardiac hemangioma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. May-Jun 1996;20(3):482-3. [Medline].

  8. Grenadier E, Margulis T, Palant A, et al. Huge cavernous hemangioma of the heart: a completely evaluated case report and review of the literature. Am Heart J. Feb 1989;117(2):479-81. [Medline].

  9. Tsai CC, Chou CY, Han SJ, et al. Cardiac angiomyolipoma: radiologic and pathologic correlation. J Formos Med Assoc. Aug 1997;96(8):653-6. [Medline].

  10. Pasaoglu I, Dogan R, Ozme S, et al. Cardiac lymphangioma. Am Heart J. Jun 1991;121(6 Pt 1):1821-4. [Medline].

  11. Roberts WC, Glancy DL, DeVita VT Jr. Heart in malignant lymphoma (Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma and mycosis fungoides). A study of 196 autopsy cases. Am J Cardiol. Jul 1968;22(1):85-107. [Medline].

  12. Simpson L, Kumar SK, Okuno SH, Schaff HV, Porrata LF, Buckner JC, et al. Malignant primary cardiac tumors: review of a single institution experience. Cancer. Jun 1 2008;112(11):2440-6. [Medline].

  13. Fine G, Raju U. Congenital polycystic tumor of the atrioventricular node (endodermal heterotopia, mesothelioma): a histogenetic appraisal with evidence for its endodermal origin. Hum Pathol. Aug 1987;18(8):791-5. [Medline].

  14. Linder J, Shelburne JD, Sorge JP, et al. Congenital endodermal heterotopia of the atrioventricular node: evidence for the endodermal origin of so-called mesotheliomas of the atrioventricular node. Hum Pathol. Nov 1984;15(11):1093-8. [Medline].

  15. Kennelly R, Aziz R, Toner M, Young V. Right atrial paraganglioma: an unusual primary cardiac tumour. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. Jun 2008;33(6):1150-2. [Medline].

  16. Maxey TS, Grow P, Morris CD, Patton KT, Guyton RA. Biatrial primary cardiac paraganglioma: a rare finding. Cardiovasc Pathol. May-Jun 2007;16(3):179-82. [Medline].

  17. Johnson TL, Shapiro B, Beierwaltes WH, et al. Cardiac paragangliomas. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of four cases. Am J Surg Pathol. Nov 1985;9(11):827-34. [Medline].

  18. Conti VR, Saydjari R, Amparo EG. Paraganglioma of the heart. The value of magnetic resonance imaging in the preoperative evaluation. Chest. Oct 1986;90(4):604-6. [Medline].

  19. Cane ME, Berrizbeitia LD, Yang SS, et al. Paraganglioma of the interatrial septum. Ann Thorac Surg. Jun 1996;61(6):1845-7. [Medline].

  20. Chang CH, Lin PJ, Chang JP, et al. Intrapericardial pheochromocytoma. Ann Thorac Surg. Apr 1991;51(4):661-3. [Medline].

  21. Fitzgerald PJ, Ports TA, Cheitlin MD, et al. Intracardiac pheochromocytoma with dual coronary blood supply: case report and literature review. Cardiovasc Surg. Oct 1995;3(5):557-61. [Medline].

  22. Symbas PN, Hatcher CR Jr, Gravanis MB. Myxoma of the heart: clinical and experimental observations. Ann Surg. May 1976;183(5):470-5. [Medline].

  23. Schvartzman PR, White RD. Imaging of cardiac and paracardiac masses. J Thorac Imaging. Oct 2000;15(4):265-73. [Medline].

  24. Peachell JL, Mullen JC, Bentley MJ, Taylor DA. Biatrial myxoma: a rare cardiac tumor. Ann Thorac Surg. Jun 1998;65(6):1768-9. [Medline].

  25. Yu K, Liu Y, Wang H, Hu S, Long C. Epidemiological and pathological characteristics of cardiac tumors: a clinical study of 242 cases. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. Oct 2007;6(5):636-9. [Medline].

  26. Shimono T, Makino S, Kanamori Y, et al. Left atrial myxomas. Using gross anatomic tumor types to determine clinical features and coronary angiographic findings. Chest. Mar 1995;107(3):674-9. [Medline].

  27. Burke AP, Virmani R. Cardiac myxoma. A clinicopathologic study. Am J Clin Pathol. Dec 1993;100(6):671-80. [Medline].

  28. Seemann MD, Brenner P. Demonstration of spiral CT scans and reconstructions of a right atrial myxoma with bilateral pulmonary tumor emboli and a coincidental benign mediastinal thymoma. Eur J Med Res. Sep 20 1996;1(11):515-9. [Medline].

  29. Gaumann A, Strubel G, Bode-Lesniewska B, Schmidtmann I, Kriegsmann J, Kirkpatrick CJ. The role of tumor vascularisation in benign and malignant cardiovascular neoplasms: A comparison of cardiac myxoma and sarcomas of the pulmonary artery. Oncol Rep. Aug 2008;20(2):309-18. [Medline].

  30. Ohtahara A, Hattori K, Fukuki M, et al. Cardiac angiosarcoma. Intern Med. Oct 1996;35(10):795-8. [Medline].

  31. Dan S, Hodge AJ. Osteogenic sarcoma of the left atrium. Ann Thorac Surg. Jun 1997;63(6):1766-8. [Medline].

  32. Lim YT, Lee CN, Chia BL. Images in cardiology. Fibrosarcoma of the heart. Heart. Oct 1998;80(4):369. [Medline].

  33. Seal EC, Rutter HR, Horrigan MC, Britton MG. Left atrial tumour mimicking pulmonary embolism. Respir Med. Oct 1997;91(9):562-4. [Medline].

  34. Fang CY, Fu M, Chang JP, et al. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the left ventricle: a case report. Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi. Jun 1996;19(2):187-90. [Medline].

  35. Lo FL, Chou YH, Tiu CM, et al. Primary cardiac leiomyosarcoma: imaging with 2-D echocardiography, electron beam CT and 1.5-Tesla MR. Eur J Radiol. Mar 1998;27(1):72-6. [Medline].

  36. Davis GK, Jones EL, Bonser RS, Roberts DH. Coronary arteriographic and pathological findings in a case of primary leiomyosarcoma of the heart. Int J Cardiol. May 23 1997;59(3):313-6. [Medline].

  37. Kojima KY, Koslin DB, Primack SL, Kettler MD. Synovial sarcoma arising from the pericardium: radiographic and CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Jul 1999;173(1):246-7. [Medline].

  38. Burke AP, Cowan D, Virmani R. Primary sarcomas of the heart. Cancer. Jan 15 1992;69(2):387-95. [Medline].

  39. Araoz PA, Eklund HE, Welch TJ, Breen JF. CT and MR imaging of primary cardiac malignancies. Radiographics. Nov-Dec 1999;19(6):1421-34. [Medline].

  40. Burke A. Primary malignant cardiac tumors. Semin Diagn Pathol. Feb 2008;25(1):39-46. [Medline].

  41. Khadilkar UN, Harish R, Tantry G, Kumar S, Tiwari A. Primary cardiac sarcoma. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. Jan-Mar 2008;51(1):30-1. [Medline].

  42. Shapiro S, Scott J, Kaufman K. Metastatic cardiac angiosarcoma of the cervical spine. Case report. Spine. Jun 1 1999;24(11):1156-8. [Medline].

  43. Romero-Menor C, Vadillo M, Martin F, et al. Cardiac angiosarcoma presenting as diffuse pulmonary disease. Eur Heart J. Dec 1995;16(12):2005-6. [Medline].

  44. Colon G, Quint DJ, Blaivas M, McGillicuddy J. Cardiac sarcoma metastatic to the brain. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. Sep 1995;16(8):1739-41. [Medline].

  45. Kapoor A. Clinical manifestations of neoplasia of the heart. In: Kapoor A, ed. Cancer of the Heart. New York: Springer-Verlag;1986.

  46. McAdams HP, Schaefer PS, Ghaed VN. Leukemic infiltrates of the heart: CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. May-Jun 1989;13(3):525-7. [Medline].

  47. Burn PR, Chinn R, King DM. Right atrial metastatic melanoma detected by dynamic contrast enhanced spiral CT. Br J Radiol. Apr 1999;72(856):395-6. [Medline].

  48. Cutrone JA, Georgiou D, Yospur LS, et al. Metastatic spread of cervical carcinoma to the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries: diagnosis by ultrafast computed tomography. Am J Card Imaging. Oct 1995;9(4):275-9. [Medline].

  49. Zissin R, Shapiro-Feinberg M, Rachmani R, Kots E. Lung metastasis invading the left atrium--CT diagnosis. Br J Radiol. Dec 1999;72(864):1211-2. [Medline].

  50. Korobkin M, Gasano VA. Intracaval and intracardiac extension of malignant thymoma: CT diagnosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. Mar-Apr 1989;13(2):348-50. [Medline].

  51. Wigmore SJ, Garden OH. Images in hepatology: extension of hepatocellular carcinoma into the heart. J Hepatol. 1999;31:160. [Medline].

  52. Ogawa T, Ohwada S, Ohtaki A, et al. Successful resection of renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombi extending into the right atrium: a case report. Hepatogastroenterology. Jul-Aug 1999;46(28):2535-9. [Medline].

  53. Vargas-Barron J, Keirns C, Barragan-Garcia R, et al. Intracardiac extension of malignant uterine tumors. Echocardiographic detection and successful surgical resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Jun 1990;99(6):1099-103. [Medline].

  54. Rothenberg DM, Brandt TD, D''Cruz I. Computed tomography of renal angiomyolipoma presenting as right atrial mass. J Comput Assist Tomogr. Nov-Dec 1986;10(6):1054-6. [Medline].

  55. Steinmetz OK, Bedard P, Prefontaine ME, et al. Uterine tumor in the heart: intravenous leiomyomatosis. Surgery. Feb 1996;119(2):226-9. [Medline].

  56. Okamoto H, Itoh T, Morita S, et al. Intravenous leiomyomatosis extending into the right ventricle: one- stage radical excision during hypothermic circulatory arrest. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Dec 1994;42(6):361-3. [Medline].

  57. Kaszar-Seibert DJ, Gauvin GP, Rogoff PA, et al. Intracardiac extension of intravenous leiomyomatosis. Radiology. Aug 1988;168(2):409-10. [Medline].

  58. Pickuth D, Eeles R, Mason M, et al. Intracardiac metastases from germ cell tumours--an unusual but important site of metastasis. Br J Radiol. Aug 1992;65(776):672-3. [Medline].

  59. Paule B, Brion N, Grunenwald D, Andre-Bougaran J. Right atrial extension of an embryonal carcinoma of the testis. Cancer. Jul 1 1991;68(1):198-201. [Medline].

  60. Chandrashekar G. Choriocarcinoma presenting as intracardiac (intracavitary) tumour. Int J Cardiol. Jun 30 1995;50(2):197. [Medline].

  61. Haggerty MF, Murphy TM. Metastatic anaplastic thyroid carcinoma to the right ventricle of the heart. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Nov 1990;155(5):1136. [Medline].

  62. Sato Y, Togawa K, Ogawa K, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of cardiac hemangiopericytoma. Heart Vessels. 1995;10(6):328-30. [Medline].

  63. Fukuda T, Ishikawa H, Ohnishi Y, et al. Malignant spindle cell tumor of the pericardium. Evidence of sarcomatous mesothelioma with aberrant antigen expression. Acta Pathol Jpn. Nov 1989;39(11):750-4. [Medline].

  64. el-Naggar AK, Ro JY, Ayala AG, et al. Localized fibrous tumor of the serosal cavities. Immunohistochemical, electron-microscopic, and flow-cytometric DNA study. Am J Clin Pathol. Nov 1989;92(5):561-5. [Medline].

  65. Watanabe M, Suzuki H, Fukutome K, et al. An autopsy case of a malignant pericardial mesothelioma in a Japanese young man. Pathol Int. Jul 1999;49(7):658-62. [Medline].

  66. Andreani SM, Tavecchio L, Giardini R, Bedini AV. Extrapericardial solitary fibrous tumour of the pericardium. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. Jul 1998;14(1):98-100. [Medline].

  67. Romer W, Lorenz HM, Cesnjevar RA, Lell M. Detection of primary pericardial liposarcoma by CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Nov 1999;173(5):1415. [Medline].

  68. Doshi S, Halim M, Singh H, Patel R. Massive intrapericardial lipoma, a rare cause of breathlessness. Investigations and management. Int J Cardiol. Sep 30 1998;66(2):211-5. [Medline].

  69. Bitar FF, el-Zein C, Tawil A, et al. Intrapericardial teratoma in an adult: a rare presentation. Med Pediatr Oncol. Apr 1998;30(4):249-51. [Medline].

  70. Kim EE, Wallace S, Abello R, et al. Malignant cardiac fibrous histiocytomas and angiosarcomas: MR features. J Comput Assist Tomogr. Jul-Aug 1989;13(4):627-32. [Medline].

  71. Morinaga K, Kohyama N, Yokoyama K, et al. Asbestos fibre content of lungs with mesotheliomas in Osaka, Japan: a preliminary report. IARC Sci Publ. 1989;(90):438-43. [Medline].

  72. Santos C, Montesinos J, Castañer E, Sole JM, Baga R. Primary pericardial mesothelioma. Lung Cancer. May 2008;60(2):291-3. [Medline].

  73. Graca A, Nunes R, Costeira A, et al. Cardiac papillary fibroelastoma of a mitral valve chordae revealed by stroke. Rev Port Cardiol. Oct 1999;18(10):937-9. [Medline].

  74. Di Mattia DG, Assaghi A, Mangini A, et al. Mitral valve repair for anterior leaflet papillary fibroelastoma: two case descriptions and a literature review. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. Jan 1999;15(1):103-7. [Medline].

  75. Cesena FH, Pereira AN, Dallan LA, et al. Papillary fibroelastoma of the mitral valve 12 years after mitral valve commissurotomy. South Med J. Oct 1999;92(10):1023-8. [Medline].

  76. de Menezes IC, Fragata J, Martins FM. Papillary fibroelastoma of the mitral valve in a 3-year-old child: case report. Pediatr Cardiol. May-Jun 1996;17(3):194-5. [Medline].

  77. Benvenuti LA, Mansur AJ, Lopes DO, Campos RV. Primary lipomatous tumors of the cardiac valves. South Med J. Oct 1996;89(10):1018-20. [Medline].

  78. Amonkar GP, Kandalkar BM, Balasubramanian M. Images in pathology cardiac rhabdomyoma. Cardiovasc Pathol. Apr 14 2008;[Medline].

  79. Günther T, Schreiber C, Noebauer C, Eicken A, Lange R. Treatment Strategies for Pediatric Patients with Primary Cardiac and Pericardial Tumors: A 30-Year Review. Pediatr Cardiol. Jul 4 2008;[Medline].

  80. de Bustamante TD, Azpeitia J, Miralles M, et al. Prenatal sonographic detection of pericardial teratoma. J Clin Ultrasound. May 2000;28(4):194-8. [Medline].

  81. Sievers RF, Tang AT, Haw MP. Complete surgical resection of intrapericardial teratoma in a neonate with compression of the central airways. Cardiol Young. Jan 2000;10(1):64-6. [Medline].

  82. Beghetti M, Gow RM, Haney I, et al. Pediatric primary benign cardiac tumors: a 15-year review. Am Heart J. Dec 1997;134(6):1107-14. [Medline].

  83. Sallee D, Spector ML, van Heeckeren DW, Patel CR. Primary pediatric cardiac tumors: a 17 year experience. Cardiol Young. Mar 1999;9(2):155-62. [Medline].

  84. Takatoh H, Iwamoto H, Ikezu M, et al. Cardiac rhabdomyoma. A case report with reference to atrial natriuretic peptide. Acta Pathol Jpn. Jan 1988;38(1):95-104. [Medline].

  85. Czechowski J, Langille EL, Varady E. Intracardiac tumour and brain lesions in tuberous sclerosis. A case report of antenatal diagnosis by ultrasonography. Acta Radiol. Jul 2000;41(4):371-4. [Medline].

  86. Kindman LA, Wright A, Tye T, et al. Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum: characterization by transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. Nov-Dec 1988;1(6):450-4. [Medline].

  87. Webber MD, Selsky EJ, Roper PA. Identification of a mobile intracardiac rheumatoid nodule mimicking an atrial myxoma. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. Nov-Dec 1995;8(6):961-4. [Medline].

  88. Plehn J, Sager J, Foster E, et al. Pericardial pseudotumor. Echocardiographic observation of juxtacardiac pulmonary collapse. Chest. Oct 1988;94(4):837-41. [Medline].

  89. Atalay S, Imamoglu A, Uluoglu O, Ikizler C. Critical tricuspid regurgitation secondary to ruptured chordae tendineae mimicking a mass on the tricuspid valve in a newborn. Pediatr Cardiol. May-Jun 1995;16(3):133-6. [Medline].

  90. Harrity PJ, Tazelaar HD, Edwards WD, et al. Intracardiac varices of the right atrium: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Cardiol. Feb 1995;48(2):177-81. [Medline].

  91. Ewy MF, Demmy TL, Perry MC, et al. Massive phrenic perineurioma mimicking an unresectable cardiac tumor. Ann Thorac Surg. Jul 1995;60(1):188-9. [Medline].

  92. Urba W, Longo D. Primary solid tumors of the heart. In: Kapoor A, ed. Cancer of the Heart. New York: Springer-Verlag;1986.

  93. McAllister HA Jr. Primary tumors and cysts of the heart and pericardium. Curr Probl Cardiol. May 1979;4(2):1-51. [Medline].

  94. Hoffmann U, Globits S, Frank H. Cardiac and paracardiac masses. Current opinion on diagnostic evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Heart J. Apr 1998;19(4):553-63. [Medline].

  95. Vanderheyden M, De Sutter J, Wellens F, Andries E. Left atrial lipoma: case report and review of the literature. Acta Cardiol. 1998;53(1):31-2. [Medline].

  96. Roberts WC. Cardiac Neoplasms. In: Topol EJ, ed. Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Philadelphia Pa: Lippincott-Raven publishers;. 1998:971-74.

  97. Mader MT, Poulton TB, White RD. Malignant tumors of the heart and great vessels: MR imaging appearance. Radiographics. Jan-Feb 1997;17(1):145-53. [Medline].

  98. Burke AP, Rosado-de-Christenson M, Templeton PA, Virmani R. Cardiac fibroma: clinicopathologic correlates and surgical treatment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Nov 1994;108(5):862-70. [Medline].

  99. Parmley LF, Salley RK, Williams JP, Head GB 3rd. The clinical spectrum of cardiac fibroma with diagnostic and surgical considerations: noninvasive imaging enhances management. Ann Thorac Surg. Apr 1988;45(4):455-65. [Medline].

  100. Lewis CM. Clinical presentation and investigation of cardiac tumors. Semin Diagn Pathol. Feb 2008;25(1):65-8. [Medline].

  101. Mousseaux E, Hernigou A, Azencot M, et al. Evaluation by electron beam computed tomography of intracardiac masses suspected by transoesophageal echocardiography. Heart. Sep 1996;76(3):256-63. [Medline].

  102. Restrepo CS, Largoza A, Lemos DF, Diethelm L, Koshy P, Castillo P, et al. CT and MR imaging findings of malignant cardiac tumors. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. Jan-Feb 2005;34(1):1-11. [Medline].

  103. Link KM, Lesko NM. MR evaluation of cardiac/juxtacardiac masses. Top Magn Reson Imaging. Fall 1995;7(4):232-45. [Medline].

  104. Sparrow PJ, Kurian JB, Jones TR, Sivananthan MU. MR imaging of cardiac tumors. Radiographics. Sep-Oct 2005;25(5):1255-76. [Medline].

  105. Carrol CL, Higgins CB, Caputo GR. Magnetic resonance imaging of acquired cardiac disease. Tex Heart Inst J. 1996;23(2):144-54. [Medline].

  106. Centofanti P, Patane F, Barbato L, et al. Left atrial approach to big myxoma with angiographically visible neovascularity. Report of one case. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). Jun 1999;40(3):391-3. [Medline].

  107. Sawaya JI, Dakik HA. Angiographic visualization of an atrial myxoma. N Engl J Med. Jan 27 2000;342(4):294-5. [Medline].

  108. Balkin PW, Imoto EM. Treatment of malignant obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary artery with metallic stents. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Aug 1997;169(2):439-40. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

cardiac tumor, heart tumor, heart neoplasm, primary cardiac tumors, secondary cardiac tumors, cardiac neoplasms, heart tumors, benign cardiac tumor, heart neoplasm, pericardial tumor, pericardial neoplasm, cardiac masses, pericardial masses, cardiac pseudotumors, myxoma, endodermal tumor, cardiac sarcoma, cardiac valve tumor, pediatric cardiac tumors, cardiac tumors in childhood, rhabdomyosarcoma, pediatric rhabdomyoma

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Julia Gates, MD, Consulting Staff and Assistant Residency Program Director, Department of Radiology, Baystate Medical Center
Julia Gates, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Heart Association, American Roentgen Ray Society, Association of University Radiologists, Massachusetts Medical Society, and Radiological Society of North America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

George Hartnell, MB, Professor of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Director of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Baystate Medical Center
George Hartnell, MB is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American College of Radiology, American Heart Association, Association of University Radiologists, British Institute of Radiology, British Medical Association, Massachusetts Medical Society, Radiological Society of North America, Royal College of Physicians, Royal College of Radiologists, and Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Justin D Pearlman, MD, PhD, ME, MA, Director of Dartmouth Advanced Imaging Center, Professor of Medicine, Professor of Radiology, Adjunct Professor, Thayer Bioengineering and Computer Science, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
Justin D Pearlman, MD, PhD, ME, MA is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Radiological Society of North America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Bernard D Coombs, MB, ChB, PhD, Consulting Staff, Department of Specialist Rehabilitation Services, Hutt Valley District Health Board, New Zealand
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

John D Newell, Jr, MD, FACR, FCCP, FASER, Co-Director of Thoracic Imaging, UCDHSC; Director of Lung Imaging Center, Professor of Radiology and Professor of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, National Jewish Medical and Research Center; Univ. Colorado Hospital
John D Newell, Jr, MD, FACR, FCCP, FASER is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Radiology, American Roentgen Ray Society, American Thoracic Society, Association of University Radiologists, Radiological Society of North America, and Society of Thoracic Radiology
Disclosure: Siemens Medical Grant/research funds Consulting; Forevision Technologies Ownership interest Consulting; Vida Corporation Ownership interest Board membership; TeraRecon Grant/research funds Consulting; eMedicine Honoraria Consulting

CME Editor

Robert M Krasny, MD, Consulting Staff, Department of Radiology, The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute
Robert M Krasny, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Roentgen Ray Society and Radiological Society of North America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Eugene C Lin, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor of Radiology, University of Washington Medical School
Eugene C Lin, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Nuclear Medicine, American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America, and Society of Nuclear Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

RELATED MEDSCAPE ARTICLES
Articles
 
 
HONcode

We subscribe to the
HONcode principles of the
Health On the Net Foundation

All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright© 1994- by Medscape.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.