Imaging in Localized Fibrous Tumor of the Pleura
- Author: Moulay A Meziane, MD; Chief Editor: Eugene C Lin, MD more...
Overview
Most pleural neoplasms are metastatic in origin. Primary tumors of the pleura can be categorized as diffuse or localized. Diffuse malignant mesothelioma is more common, is related to asbestos exposure, and is associated with a poor prognosis. Localized mesothelioma is called localized fibrous tumor of the pleura (LFTP; also known as solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura); this neoplasm is less common, has a controversial histogenesis, and is unrelated to asbestos exposure.
LFTPs exist in benign and malignant forms. Only rarely is the localized fibrous tumor invasive or does it cause local recurrence after resection. The ratio of benign to malignant tumors is 7:1. The diagnosis of LFTP is important because the tumor is potentially resectable for cure despite its typically large size. In many cases, resection can repeatedly be used to treat recurrence, although usually with increasing difficulty.[1, 2, 3, 4] An example of a benign LFTP is shown in the images below.
Posteroanterior chest radiograph in a 70-year-old woman who presented with chest discomfort. A well-circumscribed, pleural-based mass is seen in the upper left hemithorax. The angle between the mass and the chest wall is obtuse. The lesion was resected and found to be a benign localized fibrous tumor of the pleura. 
Lateral chest radiograph in a 70-year-old woman who presented with chest discomfort (same patient as in the previous image). 
Chest computed tomography (CT) scans in a 70-year-old woman who presented with chest discomfort demonstrate a pleural, noncalcified soft-tissue mass with smooth, lobulated margins (same patient as in the previous 2 images). The mass enhances slightly more than the soft tissue of the chest wall. No evidence of chest wall invasion is seen. Preferred examination
Usually, LFTP is discovered incidentally on chest radiographs. Findings from computed tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can suggest the diagnosis of LFTP. However, histopathologic examination is needed for a definitive diagnosis.
Limitations of techniques
Chest radiographic findings are nonspecific, and the lesion can sometimes be obscured by associated pleural effusion. CT and MRI scans may show characteristic findings that are suggestive of LFTP but that are not always pathognomonic. The pleural origin of large lesions can be difficult to detect, especially on chest radiographs and even on CT and MRI scans.
Radiography
In most patients, an LFTP is detected as an incidental finding on a chest radiograph, appearing as a well-circumscribed, homogeneous soft-tissue mass that is related closely to the pleura.
The lesion can arise anywhere along the pleura and can even be seen in the pulmonary fissures or along the mediastinal or diaphragmatic pleura (as in the images below).
Posteroanterior chest radiograph shows that a small mass projects over the left mediastinal margin, inferior to the left hilum. 
Lateral chest radiograph in the same patient as in the previous image demonstrates the mass overlying the middle mediastinum and deforming the anterior cardiovascular contour. The margins with lung parenchyma are well defined in most patients, although in 2% of patients, the lesion is somewhat ill defined, and in another 2% of patients, the lesion is completely obscured by pleural effusion.
The angle with the chest wall or mediastinum is either acute (as seen in the images below) or obtuse. The obtuse angle is seen more often in small lesions, indicating the pleural origin of the lesion.
Posteroanterior chest radiograph shows a mass with sharp, smooth margins in the upper right hemithorax. The angle between the lesion and the chest wall is acute. 
Lateral chest radiograph in the same patient as in the previous image. Large tumors may present as an opaque hemithorax (as demonstrated in the images below).
Posteroanterior chest radiograph shows a large mass in the lower right hemithorax, abutting the mediastinum and the right hemidiaphragm. A portion of the mass margin is obscured by adjacent minimal atelectasis. 
Lateral chest radiograph in the same patient as in the previous image. The described mass is overlying the cardiac shadow. Pleural effusion may occur in 17% of patients, especially in patients with the malignant variant of LFTP.
Degree of confidence
Chest radiographic findings are nonspecific; however, a change in the position of the lesion with respiration or gravity is particularly suggestive of a pedunculated LFTP.
False positives/negatives
The lesion may mimic a mass of parenchymal or mediastinal origin, and large lesions may simulate an elevated diaphragm. (See the images below.)
Posteroanterior chest radiograph shows a large mass in the lower right hemithorax. The mass abuts the mediastinum and the right hemidiaphragm, mimicking the elevation of the right hemidiaphragm. 
Lateral chest radiograph in the same patient as in the previous image. Computed Tomography
An LFTP is usually 1.5-25 cm in size. Typically, the lesion appears as a smoothly marginated, soft-tissue–attenuating mass abutting the pleura, with a round or lobulated contour. On contrast-enhanced CT scans, the lesion enhances more than the soft tissue does, because of its rich vascularization. Nonenhancing areas within the mass are correlated with the presence of necrosis, hemorrhage, or degeneration.
Areas of low attenuation can be seen within an LFTP, especially when the lesion is large. Unlike other pleural lesions, the angle between the mass and the pleura is most often acute (although it can be obtuse, especially in small masses). A small, ipsilateral pleural effusion can be seen. Calcification is not common, but it can be seen. The detection of a pedicle or a change in the lesion's position is suggestive of an LFTP.
The lesion displaces the adjacent mediastinum and lung parenchyma, resulting in atelectasis.
The malignant form of LFTP cannot be confidently differentiated from the benign form by imaging. However, malignant lesions are typically larger than 10 cm and are more likely to be associated with central necrosis and a large pleural effusion.
Degree of confidence
Manifestations of LFTP on CT scans are usually not pathognomonic, although some CT findings are highly suggestive of the diagnosis.
False positives/negatives
Small lesions may mimic primary lung carcinoma; however, a localized fibrous tumor is not associated with metastases or lymphadenopathy.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Spin-echo, T1-weighted MRI scans predominantly demonstrate low to intermediate signal intensity, and T2-weighted images depict low signal intensity. The low intensity is attributed to the presence of fibrous, hypocellular tissue.
Foci of increased signal intensity can be seen on T2-weighted images. These foci correspond to the regions of decreased attenuation on CT scans and represent areas of necrosis, hemorrhage, or degeneration.
Intense enhancement is seen on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images.
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (gadopentetate dimeglumine [Magnevist], gadobenate dimeglumine [MultiHance], gadodiamide [Omniscan], gadoversetamide [OptiMARK], gadoteridol [ProHance]) have recently been linked to the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) or nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD). For more information, see the eMedicine topic Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis.
The disease has occurred in patients with moderate to end-stage renal disease after being given a gadolinium-based contrast agent to enhance MRI or magnetic resonance angiography scans. As of late December 2006, the Food and Drug Administration had received reports of 90 such cases. Worldwide, over 200 cases have been reported, according to the FDA. NSF/NFD is a debilitating and sometimes fatal disease. Characteristics include red or dark patches on the skin; burning, itching, swelling, hardening, and tightening of the skin; yellow spots on the whites of the eyes; joint stiffness with trouble moving or straightening the arms, hands, legs, or feet; pain deep in the hip bones or ribs; and muscle weakness. For more information, see Medscape.
Degree of confidence
MRI machines can produce multiplanar images, and MRI has superior tissue characterization compared with that of CT scanning; therefore, MRI is helpful in evaluating an LFTP and in defining its pleural origin and extension. After excluding calcifications, the presence of low signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted images is highly suggestive of the fibrous nature of the lesion. T1- and T2-weighted images appear below.
Magnetic resonance images of the chest in a 51-year-old woman. Left, T1-weighted image. Right, T2-weighted image. A large, heterogeneous mass is located in the right hemithorax. A significant associated mediastinal shift is seen, with no chest wall or mediastinal invasion. The mass has relatively low signal intensity on the T1-weighted image and has slightly increased signal intensity on the T2-weighted image. 
T1-weighted chest magnetic resonance images show a low–signal-intensity mass in the posterior aspect of the left hemithorax. 
T2-weighted magnetic resonance images of the same patient as in the previous image. The noted mass has low signal intensity, with a linear focal area of increased signal intensity (necrosis vs degeneration). Ultrasonography
Ultrasonography plays no role in the diagnostic workup of pleural masses. In some patients, however, ultrasonography may be performed to evaluate a pleural effusion or to guide procedures. The fibrous tumor typically demonstrates homogeneous low echogenicity, as in the image below. Associated pleural effusion appears anechoic.
Ultrasonogram of the lower right chest. A hypoechoic, homogeneous mass (M) is compressing the right diaphragm and displacing the liver inferiorly. Nuclear Imaging
A case report described the potential use of a fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scan to evaluate the possibility of malignancy in LFTP. In this report, a high FDG uptake (with a standardized uptake ratio [SUR] of 3.0) was noted in a portion of the mass that exhibited malignant features histopathologically.[5] The article suggested that FDG-PET can be helpful to determine preoperatively the presence of malignancy in patients with LFTP, whose prognoses are usually difficult to predict.
Angiography
The mass demonstrates hypervascularity with tumoral vessels. Typically, no early venous drainage is seen. The arterial supply is usually derived from the aorta (segmental arteries) and, in some patients, from the internal mammary artery. The angiographic appearance of the LFTP lesion is nonspecific.
Mahesh B, Clelland C, Ratnatunga C. Recurrent localized fibrous tumor of the pleura. Ann Thorac Surg. Jul 2006;82(1):342-5. [Medline].
Cardillo G, Carbone L, Carleo F, Masala N, Graziano P, Bray A, et al. Solitary fibrous tumors of the pleura: an analysis of 110 patients treated in a single institution. Ann Thorac Surg. Nov 2009;88(5):1632-7. [Medline].
Liu CC, Wang HW, Li FY, Hsu PK, Huang MH, Hsu WH, et al. Solitary fibrous tumors of the pleura: clinicopathological characteristics, immunohistochemical profiles, and surgical outcomes with long-term follow-up. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Aug 2008;56(5):291-7. [Medline].
Liu J, Cai C, Wang D, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for patients with solitary fibrous tumors of the pleura. J Thorac Oncol. Feb 2010;5(2):240-3. [Medline].
Hara M, Kume M, Oshima H, et al. F-18 FDG uptake in a malignant localized fibrous tumor of the pleura. J Thorac Imaging. May 2005;20(2):118-9. [Medline].
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