Intervention
Percutaneous adrenal core-needle biopsy, a technically challenging procedure, is used in 85% of patients to obtain an adequate specimen for analysis. The procedure has a 3% rate of complications, which include pneumothorax and hemorrhage.
Biopsy of the left adrenal gland with an anterior approach may lead to pancreatitis.
The histologic and cytologic results from needle biopsy samples of the adrenal gland are reliable in differentiating metastatic lesions from adenomas. However, they are less useful in distinguishing between adrenal adenoma and adrenal adenocarcinoma.
More on Adrenal Adenoma |
| Overview: Adrenal Adenoma |
| Imaging: Adrenal Adenoma |
Follow-up: Adrenal Adenoma |
| Multimedia: Adrenal Adenoma |
| References |
| Further Reading |
| « Previous Page | Next Page » |
References
Bovio S, Cataldi A, Reimondo G, Sperone P, Novello S, Berruti A, et al. Prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma in a contemporary computerized tomography series. J Endocrinol Invest. Apr 2006;29(4):298-302. [Medline].
Boland GW, Lee MJ, Gazelle GS, Halpern EF, McNicholas MM, Mueller PR. Characterization of adrenal masses using unenhanced CT: an analysis of the CT literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Jul 1998;171(1):201-4. [Medline].
Ho LM, Paulson EK, Brady MJ, Wong TZ, Schindera ST. Lipid-poor adenomas on unenhanced CT: does histogram analysis increase sensitivity compared with a mean attenuation threshold?. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Jul 2008;191(1):234-8. [Medline].
Halefoglu AM, Bas N, Yasar A, Basak M. Differentiation of adrenal adenomas from nonadenomas using CT histogram analysis method: A prospective study. Eur J Radiol. Jan 21 2009;[Medline].
Krestin GP, Steinbrich W, Friedmann G. Adrenal masses: evaluation with fast gradient-echo MR imaging and Gd-DTPA-enhanced dynamic studies. Radiology. Jun 1989;171(3):675-80. [Medline].
Khati NJ, Javitt MC, Schwartz AM. Adrenal adenoma and hematoma mimicking a collision tumor at MR imaging. Radiographics. Jan-Feb 1999;19(1):235-9. [Medline].
Yoh T, Hosono M, Komeya Y, Im SW, Ashikaga R, Shimono T, et al. Quantitative evaluation of norcholesterol scintigraphy, CT attenuation value, and chemical-shift MR imaging for characterizing adrenal adenomas. Ann Nucl Med. Jul 2008;22(6):513-9. [Medline].
Korobkin M. CT characterization of adrenal masses: the time has come. Radiology. Dec 2000;217(3):629-32. [Medline].
Liang HL, Pan HB, Lee YH, et al. Small functional adrenal cortical adenoma: treatment with CT-guided percutaneous acetic acid injection--report of three cases. Radiology. Nov 1999;213(2):612-5. [Medline].
Mayo-Smith WW, Boland GW, Noto RB, Lee MJ. State-of-the-art adrenal imaging. Radiographics. Jul-Aug 2001;21(4):995-1012. [Medline].
Otal P, Escourrou G, Mazerolles C, et al. Imaging features of uncommon adrenal masses with histopathologic correlation. Radiographics. May-Jun 1999;19(3):569-81. [Medline].
Boland GW, Blake MA, Hahn PF, Mayo-Smith WW. Incidental adrenal lesions: principles, techniques, and algorithms for imaging characterization. Radiology. Dec 2008;249(3):756-75. [Medline].
Pena CS, Boland GW, Hahn PF, et al. Characterization of indeterminate (lipid-poor) adrenal masses: use of washout characteristics at contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology. Dec 2000;217(3):798-802. [Medline].
Hood MN, Ho VB, Smirniotopoulos JG, Szumowski J. Chemical shift: the artifact and clinical tool revisited. Radiographics. Mar-Apr 1999;19(2):357-71. [Medline].
Clinical Trials (PDQ®). Adrenal Scans With Radioiodine-Labeled Norcholesterol (NP-59). National Cancer Institute. Available at http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=585137&version=HealthProfessional&protocolsearchid=5407345#ContactInfo_CDR0000585137. Accessed November 10, 2008.
Doppman JL, Gill JR Jr. Hyperaldosteronism: sampling the adrenal veins. Radiology. Feb 1996;198(2):309-12. [Medline].
Katz DS, Math KR, Groskin SA, eds. Radiology Secrets. Hanley & Belfus Inc;1998.
Mittelstaedt CA. Abdominal Ultrasound. 5th ed. 1989.
Newhouse JH, Heffess CS, Wagner BJ, et al. Large degenerated adrenal adenomas: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiology. Feb 1999;210(2):385-91. [Medline].
NIH state-of-the-science statement on management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass ("incidentaloma"). NIH Consens State Sci Statements. Feb 4-6 2002;19(2):1-25. [Medline].
Siegal MJ. Pediatric Sonography. 2nd ed. Lippincott-Raven;1995.
Further Reading
Related eMedicine topics
Adrenal Adenoma (Endocrinology)
Adrenal Carcinoma
Adrenal Metastases
Adrenal Surgery
Clinical guidelines
ACR Appropriateness Criteria® incidentally discovered adrenal mass. American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society. 2000 (revised 2007). 8 pages. NGC:005995
Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with pituitary adenomas. IRSA - Professional Association. 2004 Apr. 12 pages. NGC:003598
Clinical trials
Study of Adrenal Gland Tumors
Adrenal Scans With Radioiodine-Labeled Norcholesterol (NP-59)
Adrenal Tumors - Pathogenesis and Therapy
Keywords
adrenal adenoma, adrenal cortical nodular hyperplasia, adrenal tumor, adrenal gland tumor, benign adrenal tumor, adrenal cortical adenoma
Follow-up: Adrenal Adenoma