Intervention
Image-guided percutaneous nephrostomy can be performed to relieve hydronephrosis that is associated with horseshoe kidney. Percutaneous stone removal also may be achieved with image guidance.
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References
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Bauer SB, Perlmutter AD, Retik AB. Anomalies of the upper urinary tract. In: Walsh, PC, ed. Campbell's Urology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1992:1357-1401.
Boatman DL, Cornell SH, Kolln CP. The arterial supply of horseshoe kidneys. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. Nov 1971;113(3):447-51. [Medline].
Boatman DL, Kolln CP, Flocks RH. Congenital anomalies associated with horseshoe kidney. J Urol. Feb 1972;107(2):205-7. [Medline].
Cook WA, Stephens FD. Fused kidneys: morphologic study and theory of embryogenesis. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1977;13(5):327-40. [Medline].
Decter RM. Renal duplication and fusion anomalies. Pediatr Clin North Am. Oct 1997;44(5):1323-41. [Medline].
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Fernbach SK, Davis TM. The abnormal renal axis in children with spina bifida and gibbus deformity--the pseudohorseshoe kidney. J Urol. Dec 1986;136(6):1258-60. [Medline].
Grainger R, Murphy DM, Lane V. Horseshoe kidney--a review of the presentation, associated congenital anomalies and complications in 73 patients. Ir Med J. Jul 1983;76(7):315-7. [Medline].
Göksel O, Cinar B, Kömürcü G, et al. Surgical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms associated with horseshoe kidney. Vascular. Jan-Feb 2006;14(1):27-31. [Medline].
Koff SA, Wise HA. Anomalies of the kidneys. Adult Ped Urol. 1996;3:2178-93.
Kolln CP, Boatman DL, Schmidt JD. Horseshoe kidney: a review of 105 patients. J Urol. Feb 1972;107(2):203-4. [Medline].
Krishnan B, Truong LD, Saleh G. Horseshoe kidney is associated with an increased relative risk of primary renal carcinoid tumor. J Urol. Jun 1997;157(6):2059-66. [Medline].
Nino-Murcia M, deVries PA, Friedland GW. Congenital anomalies of the kidneys. Clin Uroradiol. 2000;1:690-763.
Pitts WR Jr, Muecke EC. Horseshoe kidneys: a 40-year experience. J Urol. Jun 1975;113(6):743-6. [Medline].
Schacht MJ, Sakowicz B, Rao MS. Intermittent abdominal pain in a patient with horseshoe kidney. J Urol. Oct 1983;130(4):749-51. [Medline].
Segura JW, Kelalis PP, Burke EC. Horseshoe kidney in children. J Urol. Aug 1972;108(2):333-6. [Medline].
Stein RJ, Desai MM. Management of urolithiasis in the congenitally abnormal kidney (horseshoe and ectopic). Curr Opin Urol. Mar 2007;17(2):125-31. [Medline].
Viola D, Anagnostou T, Thompson TJ, et al. Sixteen years of experience with stone management in horseshoe kidneys. Urol Int. 2007;78(3):214-8. [Medline].
Whitehouse GH. Some urographic aspects of the horseshoe kidney anomaly-a review of 59 cases. Clin Radiol. Jan 1975;26(1):107-14. [Medline].
Further Reading
Keywords
midline renal fusion, L-shaped kidney, fusion anomaly, fusion anomalies, fused kidneys, symmetric horseshoe kidneys, asymmetric horseshoe kidneys, isthmus, lateral renal fusion, crossed fused ectopia
Follow-up: Horseshoe Kidney