eMedicine Specialties > Radiology > Pediatrics
Scoliosis, Idiopathic: Multimedia
Updated: Mar 26, 2009
Multimedia
 | Media file 1: Mild juvenile scoliosis. |
 | Media file 2: Anteroposterior (AP) radiograph shows mild adolescent scoliosis. |
 | Media file 3: Lateral view of mild adolescent scoliosis. |
 | Media file 4: Moderate scoliosis. |
 | Media file 5: Severe infantile scoliosis. |
 | Media file 6: Severe typical scoliosis. |
 | Media file 7: Line diagram illustrates the common terms used in describing scoliosis. |
 | Media file 8: Plain radiograph illustrates the common terms used in describing the scoliotic curve. The upper and lower end vertebrae and apical vertebra are illustrated. The vertebrae and disk spaces are smaller on the concave side and larger on the convex side. The spinous process is rotated towards the concave side. The ribs are crowded on the concave side. |
 | Media file 9: Line diagram illustrates measurement of the Lippman-Cobb angle. |
 | Media file 10: Radiograph shows measurement of Lippman-Cobb angle. |
 | Media file 11: Line diagram illustrates measurement of the Cobb angle by using a modified technique. |
 | Media file 12: Radiograph shows modified Cobb angle. |
 | Media file 13: Line diagram shows the Risser-Ferguson technique. |
 | Media file 14: Radiograph shows measurement by using the Ferguson technique. |
 | Media file 15: Line diagram illustrates the Greenspan technique. |
 | Media file 16: Radiograph shows measurement of the Greenspan index of scoliosis. |
 | Media file 17: Line diagram shows the Nash-Moe method of measuring vertebral rotation. |
 | Media file 18: Line diagram illustrates the Cobb method of measuring vertebral rotation. |
 | Media file 19: Radiograph shows various grades of vertebral rotation in the spine. The pedicles are normal in the bottom vertebra, but they are moving toward the center in the upper vertebra. The spinous process is in midline in the bottom vertebra, and it is displaced in the upper vertebrae. |
 | Media file 20: Line diagram shows rib–vertebral angle difference (RVAD) (Mehta, 1976). |
 | Media file 21: Radiograph shows measurement of difference in the rib-vertebral angle. |
 | Media file 22: Line diagram illustrates the Risser index. |
 | Media file 23: Vertebral apophysis maturation. Left image shows the ossification center. Ossification is complete in the middle image. Right image shows fusion indicating vertebral maturation. |
 | Media file 24: Right lateral bending view of a patient with scoliosis. |
 | Media file 25: Left lateral bending of the same patient as in image 24 shows persistence of the scoliotic curve, which indicates its structural nature. |
 | Media file 26: MRIs show cervical scoliosis. |
 | Media file 27: Sagittal MRIs show lumbar scoliosis. |
 | Media file 28: Axial MRI shows apical vertebra. |
 | Media file 29: Sagittal MRI shows an Arnold-Chiari I malformation and syringomyelia. |
 | Media file 30: 3-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of mild scoliotic curve without segmentation anomaly. |
 | Media file 31: Coronal reconstructions from multidetector-row CT show several hemivertebrae. Idiopathic scoliosis is diagnosed only after underlying structural conditions such as these are excluded. |
 | Media file 32: 3-dimensional (3D) reconstructed CT scan of the same patient as in Image above shows the hemivertebrae. |
 | Media file 33: CT is good for assessing rotation of the vertebra. |
 | Media file 34: Line diagram illustrates measurement of the CT index. |
 | Media file 35: Line diagram illustrates measurement of the CT rib-hump index. |
 | Media file 36: CT scan illustrates the indices useful for assessing the extent of rotation. |
 | Media file 37: Bone scans in a patient with painful atypical scoliosis are normal. |
 | Media file 38: Intraoperative image shows screw fixation. |
 | Media file 39: Intraoperative image shows screw fixation. |
 | Media file 40: Harrington rods with wires, hooks, and screws. |
 | Media file 41: Harrington rods with wires, hooks, and screws as shown on a lateral radiograph. |
 | Media file 42: Anteroposterior (AP) view of fixation by using pedicle screws. |
 | Media file 43: Lateral view of pedicle screws. |
 | Media file 44: Coronal CT appearance of pedicle screws. |
 | Media file 45: Axial CT appearance of a normal pedicular screw after surgery. |
 | Media file 46: Anteroposterior (AP) radiograph of body screws. |
 | Media file 47: Normal appearance of body screws on a lateral view. |
 | Media file 48: Axial CT appearance of a screw in a vertebral body. |
 | Media file 49: Displaced pedicular screw indenting the descending thoracic aorta. |
 | Media file 50: Anteriorly displaced screw in the parenchyma of the right lower lobe of the lung. |
 | Media file 51: Postoperative focal hot spot in the spine due to infection. |
 | Media file 52: CT scan of the same patient as in Image 51 shows right rib destruction and underlying pulmonary infection. Left-sided pleural effusion is also shown. |
 | Media file 53:
Sonogram in the same patient as in Image 52 in
Multimedia shows a small collection adjacent to the rib, which
was drained. |
 | Media file 54: Cardiomyopathy with bilateral pleural effusion after surgery. |
More on Scoliosis, Idiopathic |
| Overview: Scoliosis, Idiopathic |
| Imaging: Scoliosis, Idiopathic |
 Multimedia: Scoliosis, Idiopathic |
| References |
| Further Reading |
| « Previous Page |
References
American College of Radiology. ACR Practice Guideline for the Performance of Radiography for Scoliosis in Children. American College of Radiology. Available at http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/guidelines/pediatric/scoliosis.aspx. Accessed March 26, 2009.
Kouwenhoven JW, Castelein RM. The pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: review of the literature. Spine. Dec 15 2008;33(26):2898-908. [Medline].
Gurnett CA, Alaee F, Bowcock A, Kruse L, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, et al. Genetic linkage localizes an adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and pectus excavatum gene to chromosome 18 q. Spine. Jan 15 2009;34(2):E94-100. [Medline].
Little JP, Adam CJ. The effect of soft tissue properties on spinal flexibility in scoliosis: biomechanical simulation of fulcrum bending. Spine. Jan 15 2009;34(2):E76-82. [Medline].
Negrini S, Grivas TB, Kotwicki T, Rigo M, Zaina F. Guidelines on "Standard of management of idiopathic scoliosis with corrective braces in everyday clinics and in clinical research": SOSORT Consensus 2008. Scoliosis. Jan 16 2009;4(1):2. [Medline].
Rivett L, Rothberg A, Stewart A, Berkowitz R. The relationship between quality of life and compliance to a brace protocol in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: a comparative study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. Jan 14 2009;10:5. [Medline].
Lonner BS, Auerbach JD, Estreicher M, Milby AH, Kean KE. Video-assisted thoracoscopic spinal fusion compared with posterior spinal fusion with thoracic pedicle screws for thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Feb 2009;91(2):398-408. [Medline].
Coonrad RW, Murrell GA, Motley G, et al. A logical coronal pattern classification of 2,000 consecutive idiopathic scoliosis cases based on the scoliosis research society-defined apical vertebra. Spine. Jun 15 1998;23(12):1380-91. [Medline].
Do T, Fras C, Burke S, et al. Clinical value of routine preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A prospective study of three hundred and twenty-seven patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Apr 2001;83-A(4):577-9. [Medline].
Cassar-Pullicino VN, Eisenstein SM. Imaging in scoliosis: what, why and how?. Clin Radiol. Jul 2002;57(7):543-62. [Medline].
Oestreich AE, Young LW, Young Poussaint T. Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. I. Diagnosis and pretreatment evaluation. Skeletal Radiol. Nov 1998;27(11):591-605.
Gu SX, Wang CF, Zhao YC, Zhu XD, Li M. Abnormal ossification as a cause the progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Med Hypotheses. Jan 10 2009;[Medline].
Driscoll M, Aubin CE, Moreau A, Villemure I, Parent S. The role of spinal concave-convex biases in the progression of idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J. Feb 2009;18(2):180-7. [Medline].
Aaro S, Dahlborn M. The longitudinal axis rotation of the apical vertebra, the vertebral, spinal, and rib cage deformity in idiopathic scoliosis studied by computer tomography. Spine. Nov-Dec 1981;6(6):567-72. [Medline].
Richards BS, Sucato DJ, Konigsberg DE, Ouellet JA. Comparison of reliability between the Lenke and King classification systems for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using radiographs that were not premeasured. Spine. Jun 1 2003;28(11):1148-56; discussion 1156-7. [Medline].
Lenke LG, Betz RR, Harms J, et al. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a new classification to determine extent of spinal arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Aug 2001;83-A(8):1169-81. [Medline].
Sangole AP, Aubin CE, Labelle H, Stokes IA, Lenke LG, Jackson R, et al. Three-dimensional classification of thoracic scoliotic curves. Spine. Jan 1 2009;34(1):91-9. [Medline].
Cobb JR. The problem of the primary curve. Am J Orthop. Dec 1960;42-A:1413-25. [Medline].
Sarlak AY, Atmaca H, Buluç L, Tosun B, Musaoglu R. Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis treated with posterior arthrodesis and segmental pedicle screw instrumentation before the age of 9 years: a 5-year follow-up. Scoliosis. Jan 6 2009;4(1):1. [Medline].
Smyrnis PN, Sekouris N, Papadopoulos G. Surgical assessment of the proximal thoracic curve in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J. Feb 14 2009;[Medline].
Further Reading
Related eMedicine topics
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Idiopathic Scoliosis
Infantile Scoliosis
Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis
Neuromuscular Scoliosis
Clinical guidelines
ACR Practice Guideline for the Performance of Radiography for Scoliosis in Children
Screening for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents: recommendation statement.
United States Preventive Services Task Force. 1996 (revised 2004 Jun). 4 pages. NGC:003625
Summary of recommendations for clinical preventive services.
American Academy of Family Physicians. 1996 Nov (revised 2007 Aug). 15 pages. [NGC Update Pending] NGC:006077
Clinical trials
Phase IV Comparing Rods of Yield Strengths to Correct Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.
The Idiopathic Scoliosis and Its Treatment (Orthopaedic and Surgery): Effect of the Severity, the Orthosis and the Arthrodesis on the Gait
Bracing in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Trial (BrAIST)
Keywords
idiopathic scoliosis, abnormal curvature, bends, lateral curvature, curved spinal, spinal curvature, postural scoliosis, structural scoliosis, Dickson classification, Heuter-Volkman law, infantile idiopathic scoliosis, juvenile idiopathic scoliosis, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis, angle of trunk rotation, ATR, Ponseti-Friedman classification, King-Moe classification, Lenke classification, Cobb-Webb technique, Cobb angle, Cobb-Webb angle, Nash-Moe, Ferguson technique, Risser index, rib-vertebral angle, Perdriolle method, Lytilt method, crankshaft phenomenon, rib-hump index
