eMedicine Specialties > Radiology > Vascular/Interventional
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Multimedia
Updated: Jun 10, 2008
Multimedia
![]() | Media file 2: A venogram that was obtained in a 28-year-old man complaining of intermittent right arm swelling, taken with his right arm in the anatomic (neutral) position (same patient as Image 3). |
![]() | Media file 4: This venogram (obtained immediately after the angiogram in Image 1) shows occlusion of the right subclavian vein extending to the first rib, with multiple collateral vessels. |
More on Thoracic Outlet Syndrome |
| Overview: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome |
| Imaging: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome |
| Follow-up: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome |
Multimedia: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome |
| References |
| « Previous Page |
References
Kunkel JM, Machleder HI. Treatment of Paget-Schroetter syndrome. A staged, multidisciplinary approach. Arch Surg. Oct 1989;124(10):1153-7; discussion 1157-8. [Medline].
Lang EK. Neurovascular compression syndromes. Dis Chest. Dec 1966;50(6):572-80. [Medline].
LORD JW Jr, ROSATI LM. Neurovascular compression syndromes of the upper extremity. Clin Symp. Mar-Apr 1958;10(2):35-62. [Medline].
Parziale JR, Akelman E, Weiss AP, Green A. Thoracic outlet syndrome. Am J Orthop. May 2000;29(5):353-60. [Medline].
Ruckley CV. Thoracic outlet syndrome. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). Aug 13 1983;287(6390):447-8. [Medline].
Podlaha J. Thoracic outlet syndrome--24 years of experience. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2007;108(10-11):429-32. [Medline].
Wilson CB, Lambert HE, Scott RD. Subclavian and axillary vein thrombosis following radiotherapy for carcinoma of the breast. Clin Radiol. Jan 1987;38(1):95-6. [Medline].
Schreiber DP, Kapp DS. Axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis following combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy in lymphoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. Mar 1986;12(3):391-5. [Medline].
Beven EG. Thoracic outlet syndromes. In: Young JR, Olin JW, Bartholomew JR, eds. Peripheral Vascular Diseases. 2nd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby-Year Book; 1996:553-66.
Occlusion of the veins of the upper arms and neck. In: Browse NL, Burnand KB, Irvine AT, et al, eds. Diseases of the Veins. 2nd ed. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 1999:689-708.
Nord KM, Kapoor P, Fisher J, Thomas G, Sundaram A, Scott K, et al. False positive rate of thoracic outlet syndrome diagnostic maneuvers. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. Mar 2008;48(2):67-74. [Medline].
Costelloe CM, Akers DL, Lang EK. Thoracic outlet syndrome: case report and review. J La State Med Soc. Oct 2001;153(10):504-10. [Medline].
Remy-Jardin M, Remy J, Masson P. CT angiography of thoracic outlet syndrome: evaluation of imaging protocols for the detection of arterial stenosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. May-Jun 2000;24(3):349-61. [Medline].
Remy-Jardin M, Remy J, Masson P. Helical CT angiography of thoracic outlet syndrome: functional anatomy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Jun 2000;174(6):1667-74. [Medline].
Johnson PT, Heath DG, Kuszyk BS. CT angiography: thoracic vascular imaging with interactive volume rendering technique. J Comput Assist Tomogr. Jan-Feb 1997;21(1):110-4. [Medline].
Williams LR, Flinn WR, Yao JS. Extended use of computed tomography in the management of complex aortic problems: a learning experience. J Vasc Surg. Sep 1986;4(3):264-71. [Medline].
Dymarkowski S, Bosmans H, Marchal G, Bogaert J. Three-dimensional MR angiography in the evaluation of thoracic outlet syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Oct 1999;173(4):1005-8. [Medline].
Demondion X, Boutry N, Drizenko A, Paul C, Francke JP, Cotten A. Thoracic outlet: anatomic correlation with MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Aug 2000;175(2):417-22. [Medline].
Longley B, Yedlicka JW, Molina JE. Color Doppler ultrasound of thoracic outlet syndrome. Semin Intervent Radiol. 1990;7:230-5.
Lang EK, Letourneau JG, Longley DG. Arteriography of thoracic outlet syndrome. In: Baum S, Pentecost MJ, eds. Abram's Angiography. 4th ed. Boston, Mass: Little, Brown & Co; 1997:995-1009.
LANG EK. ARTERIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF THE THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROMES. Radiology. Feb 1965;84:296-303. [Medline].
Martin EC, Koser M, Gordon DH. Venography in axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis. Cardiovasc Radiol. Nov 1979;2(4):261-6. [Medline].
Sanders RJ, Haug C. Review of arterial thoracic outlet syndrome with a report of five new instances. Surg Gynecol Obstet. Nov 1991;173(5):415-25. [Medline].
Farina C, Mingoli A, Schultz RD, et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty versus surgery for subclavian artery occlusive disease. Am J Surg. Dec 1989;158(6):511-4. [Medline].
Hebrang A, Maskovic J, Tomac B. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the subclavian arteries: long-term results in 52 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. May 1991;156(5):1091-4. [Medline].
Wilms G, Baert A, Dewaele D. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the subclavian artery: early and late results. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1987;10(3):123-8. [Medline].
Körner M, Baumgartner I, Do DD, Mahler F, Schroth G. PTA of the subclavian and innominate arteries: long-term results. Vasa. May 1999;28(2):117-22. [Medline].
Hood DB, Kuehne J, Yellin AE, Weaver FA. Vascular complications of thoracic outlet syndrome. Am Surg. Oct 1997;63(10):913-7. [Medline].
Sullivan KL, Minken SL, White RI. Treatment of a case of thromboembolism resulting from thoracic outlet syndrome with intra-arterial urokinase infusion. J Vasc Surg. Apr 1988;7(4):568-71. [Medline].
Rutherford RB, Hurlbert SN. Primary subclavian-axillary vein thrombosis: consensus and commentary. Cardiovasc Surg. Aug 1996;4(4):420-3. [Medline].
Dowling R, Mitchell P, Cox GS, Thomson KR. Complication of a venous wallstent. Australas Radiol. May 1999;43(2):246-8. [Medline].
Meier GH, Pollak JS, Rosenblatt M, Dickey KW, Gusberg RJ. Initial experience with venous stents in exertional axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg. Dec 1996;24(6):974-81; discussion 981-3. [Medline].
Molina JE. Need for emergency treatment in subclavian vein effort thrombosis. J Am Coll Surg. Nov 1995;181(5):414-20. [Medline].
Kreienberg PB, Chang BB, Darling RC 3rd. Long-term results in patients treated with thrombolysis, thoracic inlet decompression, and subclavian vein stenting for Paget-Schroetter syndrome. J Vasc Surg. Feb 2001;33(2 Suppl):S100-5. [Medline].
Baron B, Kiproff PM, Khoury MB. Local thrombolysis and percutaneous transluminal venoplasty for the venous complications of thoracic outlet syndrome: case report. Angiology. Nov 1992;43(11):957-60. [Medline].
Becker GJ, Holden RW, Rabe FE, et al. Local thrombolytic therapy for subclavian and axillary vein thrombosis. Treatment of the thoracic inlet syndrome. Radiology. Nov 1983;149(2):419-23. [Medline].
Machleder HI. Evaluation of a new treatment strategy for Paget-Schroetter syndrome: spontaneous thrombosis of the axillary-subclavian vein. J Vasc Surg. Feb 1993;17(2):305-15; discussion 316-7. [Medline].
Molina JE. A new surgical approach to the innominate and subclavian vein. J Vasc Surg. Mar 1998;27(3):576-81. [Medline].
Perler BA, Mitchell SE. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and transaxillary first rib resection. A multidisciplinary approach to the thoracic outlet syndrome. Am Surg. Sep 1986;52(9):485-8. [Medline].
Rochester JR, Beard JD. Acute management of subclavian vein thrombosis. Br J Surg. Apr 1995;82(4):433-4. [Medline].
Rutherford RB. Primary subclavian-axillary vein thrombosis: the relative roles of thrombolysis, percutaneous angioplasty, stents, and surgery. Semin Vasc Surg. Jun 1998;11(2):91-5. [Medline].
Wilson JJ, Zahn CA, Newman H. Fibrinolytic therapy for idiopathic subclavian-axillary vein thrombosis. Am J Surg. Feb 1990;159(2):208-10; discussion 210-1. [Medline].
Zimmermann R, Mörl H, Harenberg J, Gerhardt P, Kuhn HM, Wahl P. Urokinase therapy of subclavian-axillary vein thrombosis. Klin Wochenschr. Aug 3 1981;59(15):851-6. [Medline].
Sanders RJ. Thoracic outlet syndrome. J Neurosurg Spine. May 2008;8(5):497; author reply 497-8. [Medline].
Smith JJ, Berlin L. Off-label use of interventional medical devices. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Sep 1999;173(3):539-42. [Medline].
Falconer MA, Weddell G. Costoclavicular compression of the subclavian artery and vein: relation to the scalenus anticus syndrome. Lancet. 1943;2:539.
Judy KL, Heymann RL. Vascular complications of thoracic outlet syndrome. Am J Surg. May 1972;123(5):521-31. [Medline].
Lord LW Jr. Thoracic outlet syndromes. Real or imaginary?. N Y State J Med. Sep 1981;81(10):1488-9. [Medline].
Schubart PJ, Haeberlin JR, Porter JM. Intermittent subclavian venous obstruction: utility of venous pressure gradients. Surgery. Mar 1986;99(3):365-8. [Medline].
Weibel J, Fields WS. Arteriographic studies of thoracic outlet syndrome. Br J Radiol. Sep 1967;40(477):676-84. [Medline].
Further Reading
Keywords
Paget-von Schrötter syndrome, effort thrombosis, spontaneous thrombosis, traumatic thrombosis
















Multimedia: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome