eMedicine Specialties > Radiology > Vascular/Interventional
Pulmonary Angiography: Multimedia
Updated: May 19, 2008
Multimedia
 | Media file 1: Pulmonary angiography. Ventilation-perfusion scintigraphic scan of the lungs shows a partial ventilation-perfusion mismatch at the apex of the right lung. |
 | Media file 2: Pulmonary angiography. Digital subtraction pulmonary angiogram shows splaying of the arterial branches of the right upper lobe and relative oligemia, which are consistent with emphysema (same patient as in Image 1). No pulmonary emboli are seen. Pulmonary arterial branches to the right lower lobe appear normal. |
 | Media file 3: Pulmonary angiography. CT image obtained after the intravenous administration of contrast material shows a large embolus at the distal aspect of the right pulmonary artery, with extension into its branches. Embolic disease is also present in the left pulmonary artery. |
 | Media file 4: Pulmonary angiography. CT image obtained by using lung window settings at a more inferior level (same patient as in Image 3) shows a moderately sized area of high attenuation at the periphery of the superior segment of the right lower lobe. This is consistent with pulmonary infarction caused by pulmonary embolism. A small pleural effusion is also present on the right side. |
 | Media file 5: Pulmonary angiography. Maximum intensity projection of a T1-weighted MRI acquired after the intravenous administration of contrast material shows a normal-appearing pulmonary arterial tree. The resolution is limited to the third- and fourth-order branches. |
 | Media file 6: Pulmonary angiography. Digital subtraction pulmonary angiogram of the right lung shows that all other branches are truncated and pruning, without normal peripheral branching. The pulmonary arterial pressure was elevated in the patient. These findings can be found with chronic pulmonary embolism with resultant pulmonary arterial hypertension. The normal appearance of the branches to the right upper lobe suggests sparing of the vessels of recurrent embolic disease, most likely due to gravity. |
 | Media file 7: Pulmonary angiography. Right pulmonary angiogram shows an arterial branch in the right lower lobe that leads into a focal dilated vascular nidus at the periphery of the lung. |
 | Media file 8: Pulmonary angiography. Venous phase of a right pulmonary angiogram. The vascular nidus drains into a normal-appearing pulmonary vein of the right lower lobe. These findings are consistent with a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. |
 | Media file 9: Pulmonary angiography. Image obtained after successful embolization of the arterial branch leading to the pulmonary arteriovenous malformation performed by using multiple coils. The dilated vascular nidus is no longer opacified. Arterial flow to other normal areas of the right lower lobe is preserved. |
 | Media file 10: Pulmonary angiography. CT image in a 24-year old man with recurrent hemoptysis shows an abnormally enlarged vascular structure intertwined with the left pulmonary artery. This was suspected to be a pulmonary varix. |
 | Media file 11: Pulmonary angiography. A more inferior image in the same patient as in Image 10 shows the dilated vascular structure between the aorta and the left atrium. |
 | Media file 12: Pulmonary angiography. Left pulmonary angiogram was obtained in a 24-year old man with recurrent hemoptysis to verify a possible pulmonary varix, as suggested on the CT scan (same patient as in Images 10-11). The image shows no major pulmonary arterial branch to the base of the left lung; this finding is suggestive of alternate aberrant arterial supply. |
 | Media file 13: Pulmonary angiography. Selective catheterization and contrast material injection into an abnormal branch of the descending thoracic aorta shows an enlarged systemic arterial supply to the lower lobe of the left lung. This is consistent with bronchopulmonary sequestration. |
 | Media file 14: Pulmonary angiography. Venous phase angiographic image shows venous drainage of the sequestration directly into the left atrium of the heart (same patient as in Image 13). |
 | Media file 15: Pulmonary angiography. Chest radiograph shows markedly dilated central pulmonary arteries. The size of the heart is normal. Emphysema is evident at the middle and upper parts of the left lung and, to a lesser extent, in the right upper lobe. |
More on Pulmonary Angiography |
| References |
References
PIOPED Investigators. Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism. Results of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED). JAMA. May 23-30 1990;263(20):2753-9. [Medline].
Sostman HD, Ravin CE, Sullivan DC, et al. Use of pulmonary angiography for suspected pulmonary embolism: influence of scintigraphic diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Oct 1982;139(4):673-7. [Medline].
Henschke CI, Mateescu I, Yankelevitz DF. Changing practice patterns in the workup of pulmonary embolism. Chest. Apr 1995;107(4):940-5. [Medline].
Schluger N, Henschke C, King T, et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism at a large teaching hospital. J Thorac Imaging. Summer 1994;9(3):180-4. [Medline].
Escher DJ, Shapiro JH, Rubinstein BM, et al. Perforation of the heart during cardiac catheterization and selective angiocardiography. Circulation. 1958;18:418-22.
Mills SR, Jackson DC, Older RA, et al. The incidence, etiologies, and avoidance of complications of pulmonary angiography in a large series. Radiology. Aug 1980;136(2):295-9. [Medline].
Perlmutt LM, Braun SD, Newman GE, et al. Pulmonary arteriography in the high-risk patient. Radiology. Jan 1987;162(1 Pt 1):187-9. [Medline].
Rosen RJ. Angiography: general techniques, complications, and risk management. In: Taveras JM, Ferruci JT, eds. Radiology: Diagnosis, Imaging, Intervention. Vol 2. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;1990.
Kelley MA, Carson JL, Palevsky HI, Schwartz JS. Diagnosing pulmonary embolism: new facts and strategies. Ann Intern Med. Feb 15 1991;114(4):300-6. [Medline].
Cheely R, McCartney WH, Perry JR, et al. The role of noninvasive tests versus pulmonary angiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Am J Med. Jan 1981;70(1):17-22. [Medline].
Stein PD, Athanasoulis C, Alavi A, et al. Complications and validity of pulmonary angiography in acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation. Feb 1992;85(2):462-8. [Medline].
Quinn MF, Lundell CJ, Klotz TA, et al. Reliability of selective pulmonary arteriography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Sep 1987;149(3):469-71. [Medline].
Goodman LR, Lipchik RJ. Diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism: time for a new approach. Radiology. Apr 1996;199(1):25-7. [Medline].
Hull RD, Raskob GE, Pineo GF, Brant RF. The low-probability lung scan. A need for change in nomenclature. Arch Intern Med. Sep 25 1995;155(17):1845-51. [Medline].
Morgenthaler TI, Ryu JH. Clinical characteristics of fatal pulmonary embolism in a referral hospital. Mayo Clin Proc. May 1995;70(5):417-24. [Medline].
Oser RF, Zuckerman DA, Gutierrez FR, Brink JA. Anatomic distribution of pulmonary emboli at pulmonary angiography: implications for cross-sectional imaging. Radiology. Apr 1996;199(1):31-5. [Medline].
Teigen CL, Maus TP, Sheedy PF 2nd, et al. Pulmonary embolism: diagnosis with electron-beam CT. Radiology. Sep 1993;188(3):839-45. [Medline].
Remy-Jardin M, Remy J, Wattinne L, Giraud F. Central pulmonary thromboembolism: diagnosis with spiral volumetric CT with the single-breath-hold technique--comparison with pulmonary angiography. Radiology. Nov 1992;185(2):381-7. [Medline].
Goodman LR, Curtin JJ, Mewissen MW, et al. Detection of pulmonary embolism in patients with unresolved clinical and scintigraphic diagnosis: helical CT versus angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Jun 1995;164(6):1369-74. [Medline].
Tapson VF. Pulmonary embolism--new diagnostic approaches. N Engl J Med. May 15 1997;336(20):1449-51. [Medline].
Loud PA, Katz DS, Bruce DA, et al. Deep venous thrombosis with suspected pulmonary embolism: detection with combined CT venography and pulmonary angiography. Radiology. May 2001;219(2):498-502. [Medline].
Needleman L. Periphereal venous US. In: Rifkin MD, Charboneau JW, Laing FC, eds. Syllabus - Special Course: Ultrasound. Radiological Society of North America;1991:201-10.
Husmann L, Valenta I, Veit-Haibach P, Alkadhi H, Largiader T, Kaufmann PA. Interarterial Course of the Right Coronary Artery: Assessment With Cardiac Computed Tomography and Myocardial Perfusion Imaging. Clin Nucl Med. May 2008;33(5):335-336. [Medline].
Castorina S, Mignosa C, Degno S, Bianca I, Salvo D, Tolaro S, et al. Demonstration of an anomalous connection between the left coronary artery and the pulmonary artery using a multislice CT 64. Clin Anat. May 2008;21(4):319-24. [Medline].
Chen BB, Hsieh HJ, Chiu IS, Chen SJ, Wu MH. Crossed Pulmonary Arteries: Report of Two Cases with Emphasis on Three-dimensional Helical Computed Tomographic Imaging. J Formos Med Assoc. Mar 2008;107(3):265-9. [Medline].
Keil S, Plumhans C, Behrendt FF, Das M, Stanzel S, Mühlenbruch G, et al. MDCT angiography of the pulmonary arteries: intravascular contrast enhancement does not depend on iodine concentration when injecting equal amounts of iodine at standardized iodine delivery rates. Eur Radiol. Apr 8 2008;[Medline].
Murphy KJ, Brunberg JA, Cohan RH. Adverse reactions to gadolinium contrast media: a review of 36 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Oct 1996;167(4):847-9. [Medline].
Meaney JF, Weg JG, Chenevert TL, et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with magnetic resonance angiography. N Engl J Med. May 15 1997;336(20):1422-7. [Medline].
Hatabu H, Gefter WB, Kressel HY, Lenkinski RE. Pulmonary vasculature: high-resolution MR imaging. Work in progress. Radiology. May 1989;171(2):391-5. [Medline].
Grist TM, Sostman HD, MacFall JR, et al. Pulmonary angiography with MR imaging: preliminary clinical experience. Radiology. Nov 1993;189(2):523-30. [Medline].
Matsumoto AH, Tegtmeyer CJ. Contemporary diagnostic approaches to acute pulmonary emboli. Radiol Clin North Am. Jan 1995;33(1):167-83. [Medline].
Erdman WA, Peshock RM, Redman HC, et al. Pulmonary embolism: comparison of MR images with radionuclide and angiographic studies. Radiology. Feb 1994;190(2):499-508. [Medline].
Tomasian A, Lohan DG, Laub G, Singhal A, Finn JP, Krishnam MS. Noncontrast 3D Steady State Free Precession Magnetic Resonance Angiography of the Thoracic Central Veins Using Nonselective Radiofrequency Excitation Over a Large Field of View: Initial Experience. Invest Radiol. May 2008;43(5):306-313. [Medline].
Spies WG, Burstein SP, Dillehay GL, et al. Ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy in suspected pulmonary embolism: correlation with pulmonary angiography and refinement of criteria for interpretation. Radiology. May 1986;159(2):383-90. [Medline].
Anderson FA Jr, Wheeler HB, Goldberg RJ, et al. A population-based perspective of the hospital incidence and case- fatality rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The Worcester DVT Study. Arch Intern Med. May 1991;151(5):933-8. [Medline].
Bussani R, Cosatti C. [Pulmonary embolism: epidemiologic analysis of 27,410 autopsies during a 10-year period]. Medicina (Firenze). Jan-Mar 1990;10(1):40-3. [Medline].
Goldhaber SZ, Hennekens CH, Evans DA, et al. Factors associated with correct antemortem diagnosis of major pulmonary embolism. Am J Med. Dec 1982;73(6):822-6. [Medline].
Stein PD, Huang Hl, Afzal A, Noor HA. Incidence of acute pulmonary embolism in a general hospital: relation to age, sex, and race. Chest. Oct 1999;116(4):909-13. [Medline].
Peterson EP, Taylor HB. Amniotic fluid embolism. An analysis of 40 cases. Obstet Gynecol. May 1970;35(5):787-93. [Medline].
Pollak EW, Sparks FC, Barker WF. Pulmonary embolism; an appraisal of therapy in 516 cases. Arch Surg. Jul 1973;107(1):66-8. [Medline].
Alpert JS, Smith R, Carlson J, et al. Mortality in patients treated for pulmonary embolism. JAMA. Sep 27 1976;236(13):1477-80. [Medline].
Carson JL, Kelley MA, Duff A, et al. The clinical course of pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. May 7 1992;326(19):1240-5. [Medline].
Bookstein JJ, Silver TM. The angiographic differential diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism. Radiology. Jan 1974;110(1):25-33. [Medline].
Auger WR, Fedullo PF, Moser KM, et al. Chronic major-vessel thromboembolic pulmonary artery obstruction: appearance at angiography. Radiology. Feb 1992;182(2):393-8. [Medline].
Chapman PJ, Bateman ED, Benatar SR. Primary pulmonary hypertension and thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension--similarities and differences. Respir Med. Nov 1990;84(6):485-8. [Medline].
King MB, Harmon KR. Unusual forms of pulmonary embolism. Clin Chest Med. Sep 1994;15(3):561-80. [Medline].
Hayashida K, Nishimura T, Uehara T, et al. Cor pulmonale due to embolization of metastatic chondrosarcoma. Heart Vessels. 1987;3(4):218-22. [Medline].
Henriksson C, Aldenborg F, Lindberg S, et al. Pulmonary embolism in renal cell carcinoma with vena cava extension. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1988;22(3):215-8. [Medline].
Zakowski MF, Edwards RH, McDonough ET. Wilms'' tumor presenting as sudden death due to tumor embolism. Arch Pathol Lab Med. Jun 1990;114(6):605-8. [Medline].
Rawlinson J, Ackery D. Microscopic tumour embolism: an unusual cause of ventilation-perfusion mismatch. Br J Radiol. Oct 1988;61(730):956-7. [Medline].
Schriner RW, Ryu JH, Edwards WD. Microscopic pulmonary tumor embolism causing subacute cor pulmonale: a difficult antemortem diagnosis. Mayo Clin Proc. Feb 1991;66(2):143-8. [Medline].
Masson RG, Krikorian J, Lukl P, et al. Pulmonary microvascular cytology in the diagnosis of lymphangitic carcinomatosis. N Engl J Med. Jul 13 1989;321(2):71-6. [Medline].
Davies MG, Harrison JC. Amniotic fluid embolism: maternal mortality revisited. Br J Hosp Med. May 20-Jun 2 1992;47(10):775-6. [Medline].
Clark SL. New concepts of amniotic fluid embolism: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. Jun 1990;45(6):360-8. [Medline].
Hollingsworth HM, Irwin RS. Acute respiratory failure in pregnancy. Clin Chest Med. Dec 1992;13(4):723-40. [Medline].
Masson RG. Amniotic fluid embolism. Clin Chest Med. Dec 1992;13(4):657-65. [Medline].
Kanayama N, Yamazaki T, Naruse H, et al. Determining zinc coproporphyrin in maternal plasma--a new method for diagnosing amniotic fluid embolism. Clin Chem. Apr 1992;38(4):526-9. [Medline].
Clark SL. Amniotic fluid embolism. Crit Care Clin. Oct 1991;7(4):877-82. [Medline].
Park HM, Ducret RP, Brindley DC. Pulmonary imaging in fat embolism syndrome. Clin Nucl Med. Jul 1986;11(7):521-2. [Medline].
Castella X, Valles J, Cabezuelo MA, et al. Fat embolism syndrome and pulmonary microvascular cytology. Chest. Jun 1992;101(6):1710-1. [Medline].
Masson RG, Ruggieri J. Pulmonary microvascular cytology. A new diagnostic application of the pulmonary artery catheter. Chest. Dec 1985;88(6):908-14. [Medline].
Peters SG. Mediastinal air-fluid level and respiratory failure. Pulmonary air embolism. Chest. Nov 1988;94(5):1063-4. [Medline].
Marcus RH, Weinert L, Neumann A, et al. Venous air embolism. Diagnosis by spontaneous right-sided contrast echocardiography. Chest. Mar 1991;99(3):784-5. [Medline].
Ulyatt DB, Judson JA, Trubuhovich RV, et al. Cerebral arterial air embolism associated with coughing on a continuous positive airway pressure circuit. Crit Care Med. Jul 1991;19(7):985-7. [Medline].
O''Quin RJ, Lakshminarayan S. Venous air embolism. Arch Intern Med. Nov 1982;142(12):2173-6. [Medline].
Black M, Calvin J, Chan KL, et al. Paradoxic air embolism in the absence of an intracardiac defect. Chest. Mar 1991;99(3):754-5. [Medline].
Maki DD, Siegelman ES, Roberts DA, et al. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: three-dimensional gadolinium- enhanced MR angiography-initial experience. Radiology. Apr 2001;219(1):243-6. [Medline].
Lakin PA. Pulmonary angiography. Semin Interv Radiol. 1999;16(4):311-27.
McAdams HP, Erasmus J, Crockett R, et al. The hepatopulmonary syndrome: radiologic findings in 10 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Jun 1996;166(6):1379-85. [Medline].
Felt RW, Kozak BE, Rosch J, et al. Hepatogenic pulmonary angiodysplasia treated with coil-spring embolization. Chest. Jun 1987;91(6):920-2. [Medline].
Poterucha JJ, Krowka MJ, Dickson ER, et al. Failure of hepatopulmonary syndrome to resolve after liver transplantation and successful treatment with embolotherapy. Hepatology. Jan 1995;21(1):96-100. [Medline].
Oliver TB, Stevenson AJ, Gillespie IN. Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm due to bronchial carcinoma. Br J Radiol. Sep 1997;70(837):950-1. [Medline].
Lundell C, Finck E. Arteriovenous fistulas originating from Rasmussen aneurysms. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Apr 1983;140(4):687-8. [Medline].
Numan F, Islak C, Berkmen T, et al. Behcet disease: pulmonary arterial involvement in 15 cases. Radiology. Aug 1994;192(2):465-8. [Medline].
Mahlo HR, Elsner K, Rieber A, Brambs HJ. New approach in the diagnosis of and therapy for Hughes-Stovin syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Sep 1996;167(3):817-8. [Medline].
Gustafson RA, Murray GF, Warden HE, et al. Intralobar sequestration. A missed diagnosis. Ann Thorac Surg. Jun 1989;47(6):841-7. [Medline].
Van Raemdonck D, De Boeck K, Devlieger H, et al. Pulmonary sequestration: a comparison between pediatric and adult patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. Apr 2001;19(4):388-95. [Medline].
Shaffrey JK, Brinker DA, Horton KM, et al. Atypical extralobar sequestration: CT-pathological correlation. Clin Imaging. Jul-Aug 1999;23(4):223-6. [Medline].
Au VW, Chan JK, Chan FL. Pulmonary sequestration diagnosed by contrast enhanced three- dimensional MR angiography. Br J Radiol. Jul 1999;72(859):709-11. [Medline].
Tokel K, Boyvat F, Varan B. Coil embolization of pulmonary sequestration in two infants: a safe alternative to surgery. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Oct 2000;175(4):993-5. [Medline].
Vanherreweghe E, Rigauts H, Bogaerts Y, Meeus L. Pulmonary vein varix: diagnosis with multi-slice helical CT. Eur Radiol. 2000;10(8):1315-7. [Medline].
Ferretti GR, Arbib F, Bertrand B, Coulomb M. Haemoptysis associated with pulmonary varices: demonstration using computed tomographic angiography. Eur Respir J. Oct 1998;12(4):989-92. [Medline].
Wildenhain PM, Bourekas EC. Pulmonary varix: magnetic resonance findings. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. Dec 1991;24(4):268-70. [Medline].
Bhaktaram VJ, Asirvatham S, Sebastian C, et al. Large pulmonary vein varix diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography: an unusual site for thrombus in atrial fibrillation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. Feb 1998;11(2):213-5. [Medline].
Toher C, Krug H, Archer SL. Diagnosis of pulmonary vein varix by transesophageal echocardiography. Chest. Jun 1993;103(6):1901-3. [Medline].
Kreel L, Wong H. Pulmonary varix--pathognomonic appearance. Postgrad Med J. Nov 1990;66(781):947-8. [Medline].
Youssef AI, Escalante-Glorsky S, Bonnet RB, Chen YK. Hemoptysis secondary to bronchial varices associated with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Am J Gastroenterol. Sep 1994;89(9):1562-3. [Medline].
Man KM, Keeffe EB, Brown CR, et al. Pulmonary varices presenting as a solitary lung mass in a patient with end-stage liver disease. Chest. Jul 1994;106(1):294-6. [Medline].
Hong YK, Park YW, Ryu SJ, et al. Efficacy of MRI in complicated congenital heart disease with visceral heterotaxy syndrome. J Comput Assist Tomogr. Sep-Oct 2000;24(5):671-82. [Medline].
Masui T, Katayama M, Kobayashi S, et al. Gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography in the evaluation of congenital cardiovascular disease pre- and postoperative states in infants and children. J Magn Reson Imaging. Dec 2000;12(6):1034-42. [Medline].
Baran R, Kir A, Tor MM, et al. Scimitar syndrome: confirmation of diagnosis by a noninvasive technique (MRI). Eur Radiol. 1996;6(1):92-4. [Medline].
Adler SC, Silverman JF. Anomalous venous drainage of the left upper lobe. A radiographic diagnosis. Radiology. Sep 1973;108(3):563-5. [Medline].
Pennes DR, Ellis JH. Anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of the left upper lobe shown by CT scans. Radiology. Apr 1986;159(1):23-4. [Medline].
Uflacker R. Pulmonary venous circulation. In: Uflacker R, ed. Atlas of VascularAnatomy: An Angiographic Approach. Baltimore:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;1997:268.
Moes CA, Goldman BS, Mustard WT. Anomalous pulmonary venous drainage from the left lung into a left vertical vein. J Can Assoc Radiol. Sep 1967;18(3):377-81. [Medline].
Oropeza G, Hernandez FA, Callard GM, Jude JR. Anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of the left upper lobe. Ann Thorac Surg. Feb 1970;9(2):180-5. [Medline].
Brody H. Drainage of the pulmonary veins into the right side of the heart. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1942;33:221-40.
Rich S. Primary pulmonary hypertension. In: Wilson JD, et al, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 12th ed. NY:. McGraw-Hill;1991:1087-90.
Rich S. Primary pulmonary hypertension. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. Apr 2000;2(2):135-40.
Liu YQ, Jin BL, Ling J. Pulmonary artery involvement in aortoarteritis: an angiographic study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. Jan-Feb 1994;17(1):2-6. [Medline].
Olsson HE, Spitzer RM, Erston WF. Primary and secondary pulmonary artery neoplasia mimicking acute pulmonary embolism. Radiology. Jan 1976;118(1):49-53. [Medline].
Amplatz K, Möller JH. Radiology of Congenital Heart Disease. St. Louis:. Mosby-Year Book;1993:513-7, 1033-9.
Oliaro E, Grosso Marra W, Orzan F. Primary pulmonary hypertension. Minerva Cardioangiol. Nov 2000;48(11):361-78. [Medline].
Gaine S. Pulmonary hypertension. JAMA. Dec 27 2000;284(24):3160-8. [Medline].
Aguilar RV, Farber HW. Epoprostenol (prostacyclin) therapy in HIV-associated pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Nov 2000;162(5):1846-50. [Medline].
Kline JA, Johns KL, Colucciello SA, Israel EG. New diagnostic tests for pulmonary embolism. Ann Emerg Med. Feb 2000;35(2):168-80. [Medline].
Weg JG. Current diagnostic techniques for pulmonary embolism. Semin Vasc Surg. Sep 2000;13(3):182-8. [Medline].
Robinson PJ. Ventilation-perfusion lung scanning and spiral computed tomography of the lungs: competing or complementary modalities?. Eur J Nucl Med. Nov 1996;23(11):1547-53. [Medline].
Schoepf UJ, Holzknecht N, Helmberger TK, et al. Subsegmental pulmonary emboli: improved detection with thin-collimation multi-detector row spiral CT. Radiology. Feb 2002;222(2):483-90. [Medline].
Hoffmann U, Schima W, Herold C. Pulmonary magnetic resonance angiography. Eur Radiol. 1999;9(9):1745-54. [Medline].
Goyen M, Laub G, Ladd ME, et al. Dynamic 3D MR angiography of the pulmonary arteries in under four seconds. J Magn Reson Imaging. Mar 2001;13(3):372-7. [Medline].
Further Reading
Keywords
pulmonary angiography, lung scintigraphy, conventional pulmonary angiography, digital subtraction pulmonary angiography, DSPA, pulmonary computed tomography angiography, PCTA, pulmonary magnetic resonance angiography, PMRA, pulmonary angiograms, CT pulmonary angiography, magnetic resonance venography
