Struvite and Staghorn Calculi: Multimedia

References

1. Brown TR. On the Relation Between the Variety of Microorganisms and the Composition of Stone in Calculous Pyelonephritis. JAMA. 1901;36:1394-7.

2. Sumner JB. The Isolation and Crystallization of the Enzyme Urease. J Biol Chem. 1926;69:435-41.

3. Priestley JT, Dunn JH. Branched renal calculi. J Urol. Feb 1949;61(2):194-203. [Medline].

4. Ansari MS, Gupta NP, Hemal AK, Dogra PN, Seth A, Aron M, et al. Spectrum of stone composition: structural analysis of 1050 upper urinary tract calculi from northern India. Int J Urol. Jan 2005;12(1):12-6. [Medline].

5. Lam HS, Lingeman JE, Russo R, Chua GT. Stone surface area determination techniques: a unifying concept of staghorn stone burden assessment. J Urol. Sep 1992;148(3 Pt 2):1026-9. [Medline].

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7. Al-Kohlany KM, Shokeir AA, Mosbah A, Mohsen T, Shoma AM, Eraky I, et al. Treatment of complete staghorn stones: a prospective randomized comparison of open surgery versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Urol. Feb 2005;173(2):469-73. [Medline].

8. Meretyk S, Gofrit ON, Gafni O, Pode D, Shapiro A, Verstandig A, et al. Complete staghorn calculi: random prospective comparison between extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy monotherapy and combined with percutaneous nephrostolithotomy. J Urol. Mar 1997;157(3):780-6. [Medline].

9. Gleason MJ, Griffith DP. Infection Stones. In: Resnick MI, Pak CY, eds. Urolithiasis: a Medical and Surgical Reference. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1990:134-6.

10. Griffith DP, Osborne CA. Infection (urease) stones. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1987;13(4):278-85. [Medline].

11. Lam HS, Lingeman JE, Mosbaugh PG, Steele RE, Knapp PM, Scott JW, et al. Evolution of the technique of combination therapy for staghorn calculi: a decreasing role for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. J Urol. Sep 1992;148(3 Pt 2):1058-62. [Medline].

12. Lingeman JE, Lifshitz DA, Evan AP. Surgical management of urinary lithiasis. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED, Wein AJ, eds. Campbell's Urology. Vol 4. 8^th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 2002:3366-3370.

13. McDougall EM, Liatsikos EN, Dinlenc CZ. Percutaneous approaches to the Upper Urinary Tract. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED, Wein AJ, eds. Campbell's Urology. Vol 4. 8^th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 2002:3320-40.

14. Morey AF, Nitahara KS, McAninch JW. Modified anatrophic nephrolithotomy for management of staghorn calculi: is renal function preserved?. J Urol. Sep 1999;162(3 Pt 1):670-3. [Medline].

15. Schwartz BF, Stoller ML. Nonsurgical management of infection-related renal calculi. Urol Clin North Am. Nov 1999;26(4):765-78, viii. [Medline].

16. [Guideline] Segura JW, Preminger GM, Assimos DG, Dretler SP, Kahn RI, Lingeman JE, et al. Nephrolithiasis Clinical Guidelines Panel summary report on the management of staghorn calculi. The American Urological Association Nephrolithiasis Clinical Guidelines Panel. J Urol. Jun 1994;151(6):1648-51. [Medline].

17. Suby HI, Albright F. Dissolution of Phosphatic Urinary Calculi by the Retrograde Introduction of a Citrate Solution Containing Magnesium. N Engl J Med. 1943;228:81-91.

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Further Reading

For further information, visit Medscape’s Stone Disease Resource Center.

Keywords

struvite calculi, staghorn calculi, triple-phosphate stones, triple phosphate stones, infection stones, urease stones, magnesium-ammonium-phosphate stones, MAP stones, extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy, ESWL, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, PNL, kidney stones, infection stones, infection-induced stones, phosphatic stones, urea-splitting bacteria, urease-producing organisms, Ureaplasma urealyticum, U urealyticum, Proteus, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Providencia, Pseudomonas, staphylococci, urinary tract stones, urinary tract infection, UTI, staghorn stones, struvite stones, struvite calculus, staghorn calculus, lithogenesis, lithotripsy, nephrolithiasis

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Maxwell Meng, MD, Associate Professor-in-Residence, Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco
Maxwell Meng, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, and Society of Urologic Oncology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Marshall L Stoller, MD, Medical Director of Urinary Stone Center, Professor, Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco
Marshall L Stoller, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Thomas Minor, MD, Resident, Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco
Thomas Minor, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Martha K Terris, MD, FACS, Professor, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia
Martha K Terris, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Cancer Society, American College of Surgeons, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, American Urological Association, New York Academy of Sciences, and Society of University Urologists
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

CME Editor

J Stuart Wolf Jr, MD, FACS, David A Bloom Professor of Urology, Director of Division of Minimally Invasive Urology, Department of Urology, University of Michigan
J Stuart Wolf Jr, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, Catholic Medical Association, Endourological Society, Society for Urology and Engineering, Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, Society of University Urologists, and Society of Urologic Oncology
Disclosure: Terumo Corporation Consulting fee Consulting; Gyrus-ACMI Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Chief Editor

Bradley Fields Schwartz, DO, FACS, Professor of Urology, Director, Center for Laparoscopy and Endourology, Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine
Bradley Fields Schwartz, DO, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, Association of Military Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons, Endourological Society, Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, and Society of University Urologists
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.