eMedicine Specialties > Urology > Erectile Dysfunction, Premature Ejaculation, and Sexual Disorders

Erectile Dysfunction: Multimedia

Author: Stanley A Brosman, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Urology, University of California at Los Angeles Medical School
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Jul 22, 2009

Multimedia

Erectile dysfunction. These images depict penile ...Media file 1: Erectile dysfunction. These images depict penile anatomy. Note the sinusoidal makeup of the corpora and thick fascia (ie, Buck fascia) that covers the corpora cavernosa. The major blood vessels to the corpora cavernosa enter through tributaries from the main vessels running along the dorsum of the penis.
Erectile dysfunction. These images depict penile ...

Erectile dysfunction. These images depict penile anatomy. Note the sinusoidal makeup of the corpora and thick fascia (ie, Buck fascia) that covers the corpora cavernosa. The major blood vessels to the corpora cavernosa enter through tributaries from the main vessels running along the dorsum of the penis.

Vascular disease often associated with diabetes m...Media file 2: Vascular disease often associated with diabetes mellitus is found in the majority of men with erectile dysfunction. In these patients, the medications they take for hypertension often exacerbate their erectile dysfunction.
Vascular disease often associated with diabetes m...

Vascular disease often associated with diabetes mellitus is found in the majority of men with erectile dysfunction. In these patients, the medications they take for hypertension often exacerbate their erectile dysfunction.

Erectile dysfunction. A number of devices have be...Media file 3: Erectile dysfunction. A number of devices have been developed to ascertain the occurrence of an erection during sleep. This snap gauge is fastened around the penis but opens when an erection occurs.
Erectile dysfunction. A number of devices have be...

Erectile dysfunction. A number of devices have been developed to ascertain the occurrence of an erection during sleep. This snap gauge is fastened around the penis but opens when an erection occurs.

Erectile dysfunction. This penile tumescence moni...Media file 4: Erectile dysfunction. This penile tumescence monitor is placed at the base and near the corona of the penis. It is connected to a monitor that records a continuous graph depicting the force and duration of erections that occur during sleep. The monitor is strapped to the leg. The nocturnal penile tumescence test is conducted on several nights to obtain an accurate indication of erections that normally occur during the alpha phase of sleep.
Erectile dysfunction. This penile tumescence moni...

Erectile dysfunction. This penile tumescence monitor is placed at the base and near the corona of the penis. It is connected to a monitor that records a continuous graph depicting the force and duration of erections that occur during sleep. The monitor is strapped to the leg. The nocturnal penile tumescence test is conducted on several nights to obtain an accurate indication of erections that normally occur during the alpha phase of sleep.

Erectile dysfunction. The presence of normal skin...Media file 5: Erectile dysfunction. The presence of normal skin sensation adequate to produce an erection is measured with this device.
Erectile dysfunction. The presence of normal skin...

Erectile dysfunction. The presence of normal skin sensation adequate to produce an erection is measured with this device.

Erectile dysfunction. Penile circulation can be a...Media file 6: Erectile dysfunction. Penile circulation can be assessed with a device that measures pulse amplitude and pressure. In this demonstration of normal and abnormal, the presence of a strong pulse indicates good blood flow.
Erectile dysfunction. Penile circulation can be a...

Erectile dysfunction. Penile circulation can be assessed with a device that measures pulse amplitude and pressure. In this demonstration of normal and abnormal, the presence of a strong pulse indicates good blood flow.

Erectile dysfunction. A vasodilator such as prost...Media file 7: Erectile dysfunction. A vasodilator such as prostaglandin E1 can be injected into one of the corpora cavernosa. If the blood vessels are capable of dilating, a strong erection should develop within 5 minutes. A tourniquet may be used if a venous leak is present that would produce difficulty in maintaining an erection.
Erectile dysfunction. A vasodilator such as prost...

Erectile dysfunction. A vasodilator such as prostaglandin E1 can be injected into one of the corpora cavernosa. If the blood vessels are capable of dilating, a strong erection should develop within 5 minutes. A tourniquet may be used if a venous leak is present that would produce difficulty in maintaining an erection.

Erectile dysfunction. This diagram depicts a cros...Media file 8: Erectile dysfunction. This diagram depicts a cross-section of penile anatomy and is used to instruct patients in the technique of administering intracorporal medications.
Erectile dysfunction. This diagram depicts a cros...

Erectile dysfunction. This diagram depicts a cross-section of penile anatomy and is used to instruct patients in the technique of administering intracorporal medications.

Erectile dysfunction. The Medicated Urethral Syst...Media file 9: Erectile dysfunction. The Medicated Urethral System for Erections (MUSE) is a small suppository placed into the urethra with this device. The suppository is very small, and patients often question whether anything is in the device.
Erectile dysfunction. The Medicated Urethral Syst...

Erectile dysfunction. The Medicated Urethral System for Erections (MUSE) is a small suppository placed into the urethra with this device. The suppository is very small, and patients often question whether anything is in the device.

Erectile dysfunction. This image depicts a vacuum...Media file 10: Erectile dysfunction. This image depicts a vacuum device used to produce an erection (see Image 11). In this image, the elements are shown. They include the cylinder, a pump to create a vacuum, and a constriction ring to be placed at the base of the penis after an erection has been obtained in order to maintain the erection.
Erectile dysfunction. This image depicts a vacuum...

Erectile dysfunction. This image depicts a vacuum device used to produce an erection (see Image 11). In this image, the elements are shown. They include the cylinder, a pump to create a vacuum, and a constriction ring to be placed at the base of the penis after an erection has been obtained in order to maintain the erection.

Erectile dysfunction. This image demonstrates the...Media file 11: Erectile dysfunction. This image demonstrates the vacuum device in place (see Image 10). Note the presence of the constricting ring at the base of the penis.
Erectile dysfunction. This image demonstrates the...

Erectile dysfunction. This image demonstrates the vacuum device in place (see Image 10). Note the presence of the constricting ring at the base of the penis.

Erectile dysfunction. This is one of many types o...Media file 12: Erectile dysfunction. This is one of many types of constricting devices placed at the base of the penis to diminish venous outflow and improve the quality and duration of the erection. This is particularly useful in men who have a venous leak and are only able to obtain partial erections that they are unable to maintain. These constricting devices may be used in conjunction with oral agents, injection therapy, and vacuum devices.
Erectile dysfunction. This is one of many types o...

Erectile dysfunction. This is one of many types of constricting devices placed at the base of the penis to diminish venous outflow and improve the quality and duration of the erection. This is particularly useful in men who have a venous leak and are only able to obtain partial erections that they are unable to maintain. These constricting devices may be used in conjunction with oral agents, injection therapy, and vacuum devices.

Erectile dysfunction. Two rigid cylinders have be...Media file 13: Erectile dysfunction. Two rigid cylinders have been placed into the corpora cavernosa. This type of implant has no inflation mechanism but provides adequate rigidity to the penis to allow penetration.
Erectile dysfunction. Two rigid cylinders have be...

Erectile dysfunction. Two rigid cylinders have been placed into the corpora cavernosa. This type of implant has no inflation mechanism but provides adequate rigidity to the penis to allow penetration.

Erectile dysfunction. This inflatable penile pros...Media file 14: Erectile dysfunction. This inflatable penile prosthesis has 3 major components. The 2 cylinders are placed within the corpora cavernosa, a reservoir is placed beneath the rectus muscle, and the pump is placed in the scrotum. When the pump is squeezed, fluid from the reservoir is transferred into the 2 cylinders, producing a firm erection. Squeezing the top of the pump causes a reversal of flow of the fluid from the cylinders back into the reservoir.
Erectile dysfunction. This inflatable penile pros...

Erectile dysfunction. This inflatable penile prosthesis has 3 major components. The 2 cylinders are placed within the corpora cavernosa, a reservoir is placed beneath the rectus muscle, and the pump is placed in the scrotum. When the pump is squeezed, fluid from the reservoir is transferred into the 2 cylinders, producing a firm erection. Squeezing the top of the pump causes a reversal of flow of the fluid from the cylinders back into the reservoir.

Erectile dysfunction. This inflatable penile pros...Media file 15: Erectile dysfunction. This inflatable penile prosthesis has fluid located at the base of the device. When the tip of the prosthesis is squeezed, the fluid is transferred into the cylinder.
Erectile dysfunction. This inflatable penile pros...

Erectile dysfunction. This inflatable penile prosthesis has fluid located at the base of the device. When the tip of the prosthesis is squeezed, the fluid is transferred into the cylinder.

More on Erectile Dysfunction

Overview: Erectile Dysfunction
Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Erectile Dysfunction
Treatment & Medication: Erectile Dysfunction
Follow-up: Erectile Dysfunction
Multimedia: Erectile Dysfunction
References
Further Reading

References

  1. Andersson KE. Erectile physiological and pathophysiological pathways involved in erectile dysfunction. J Urol. Aug 2003;170(2 Pt 2):S6-13; discussion S13-4. [Medline].

  2. Chen J, Wollman Y, Chernichovsky T, et al. Effect of oral administration of high-dose nitric oxide donor L-arginine in men with organic erectile dysfunction: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. BJU Int. Feb 1999;83(3):269-73. [Medline].

  3. Cosgrove DJ, Gordon Z, Bernie JE, et al. Sexual dysfunction in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Urology. Nov 2002;60(5):881-4. [Medline].

  4. Goldstein I, Lurie AL, Lubisich JP. Bicycle riding, perineal trauma, and erectile dysfunction: data and solutions. Curr Urol Rep. Nov 2007;8(6):491-7. [Medline].

  5. Gutierrez P, Hernandez P, Mas M. Combining programmed intracavernous PGE1 injections and sildenafil on demand to salvage sildenafil nonresponders. Int J Impot Res. Jul-Aug 2005;17(4):354-8. [Medline].

  6. Rosano GM, Aversa A, Vitale C, Fabbri A, Fini M, Spera G. Chronic treatment with tadalafil improves endothelial function in men with increased cardiovascular risk. Eur Urol. Feb 2005;47(2):214-20; discussion 220-2. [Medline].

  7. Burchardt M, Burchardt T, Anastasiadis AG, Buttyan R, de la Taille A, Shabsigh A. Application of angiogenic factors for therapy of erectile dysfunction: protein and DNA transfer of VEGF 165 into the rat penis. Urology. Sep 2005;66(3):665-70. [Medline].

  8. [Best Evidence] Rosenberg MT, Adams PL, McBride TA, Roberts JN, McCallum SW. Improvement in duration of erection following phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor therapy with vardenafil in men with erectile dysfunction: the ENDURANCE study. Int J Clin Pract. Jan 2009;63(1):27-34. [Medline].

  9. Akash R, Hrishikesh D, Amith P, Sabah S. Case report: association of combined nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and obstruction of cilioretinal artery with overdose of Viagra. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. Aug 2005;21(4):315-7. [Medline].

  10. Althof SE, Corty EW, Levine SB, et al. EDITS: development of questionnaires for evaluating satisfaction with treatments for erectile dysfunction. Urology. Apr 1999;53(4):793-9. [Medline].

  11. Althof SE, Seftel AD. The evaluation and management of erectile dysfunction. Psychiatr Clin North Am. Mar 1995;18(1):171-92. [Medline].

  12. Andersson KE. Pharmacology of penile erection. Pharmacol Rev. Sep 2001;53(3):417-50. [Medline].

  13. Andersson KE, Wagner G. Physiology of penile erection. Physiol Rev. Jan 1995;75(1):191-236. [Medline].

  14. Araujo AB, Durante R, Feldman HA, et al. The relationship between depressive symptoms and male erectile dysfunction: cross-sectional results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Psychosom Med. Jul-Aug 1998;60(4):458-65. [Medline].

  15. Aversa A, Isidori AM, De Martino MU, et al. Androgens and penile erection: evidence for a direct relationship between free testosterone and cavernous vasodilation in men with erectile dysfunction. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). Oct 2000;53(4):517-22. [Medline].

  16. Aversa A, Isidori AM, Spera G, et al. Androgens improve cavernous vasodilation and response to sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). May 2003;58(5):632-8. [Medline].

  17. Baldwin K, Ginsberg P, Harkaway RC. Under-reporting of erectile dysfunction among men with unrelated urologic conditions. Int J Impot Res. Apr 2003;15(2):87-9. [Medline].

  18. Becker AJ, Stief CG, Machtens S, et al. Oral phentolamine as treatment for erectile dysfunction. J Urol. Apr 1998;159(4):1214-6. [Medline].

  19. Benet AE, Melman A. The epidemiology of erectile dysfunction. Urol Clin North Am. Nov 1995;22(4):699-709. [Medline].

  20. Boshier A, Pambakian N, Shakir SA. A case of nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) in a male patient taking sildenafil. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. Sep 2002;40(9):422-3. [Medline].

  21. Braun M, Wassmer G, Klotz T, et al. Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction: results of the "Cologne Male Survey". Int J Impot Res. Dec 2000;12(6):305-11. [Medline].

  22. Brock G, Nehra A, Lipshultz LI, et al. Safety and efficacy of vardenafil for the treatment of men with erectile dysfunction after radical retropubic prostatectomy. J Urol. Oct 2003;170(4 Pt 1):1278-83. [Medline].

  23. Brock GB, McMahon CG, Chen KK, et al. Efficacy and safety of tadalafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: results of integrated analyses. J Urol. Oct 2002;168(4 Pt 1):1332-6. [Medline].

  24. Burchardt M, Burchardt T, Baer L, et al. Hypertension is associated with severe erectile dysfunction. J Urol. Oct 2000;164(4):1188-91. [Medline].

  25. Burnett AL. Erectile dysfunction: a practical approach for primary care. Geriatrics. Feb 1998;53(2):34-5, 39-40, 46-8. [Medline].

  26. Cheitlin MD, Hutter AM, Brindis RG, et al. ACC/AHA expert consensus document. Use of sildenafil (Viagra) in patients with cardiovascular disease. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jan 1999;33(1):273-82. [Medline].

  27. Chitaley K, Webb RC, Mills TM. RhoA/Rho-kinase: a novel player in the regulation of penile erection. Int J Impot Res. Apr 2001;13(2):67-72. [Medline].

  28. Chiu YJ, Reid IA. Effect of sildenafil on renin secretion in human subjects. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). Sep 2002;227(8):620-5. [Medline].

  29. Christ GJ. The penis as a vascular organ. The importance of corporal smooth muscle tone in the control of erection. Urol Clin North Am. Nov 1995;22(4):727-45. [Medline].

  30. Chuang AT, Steers WD. Neurophysiology of penile erection. In: Carson CC, Kirby RS, Goldstein I, eds. Textbook of Male Erectile Dysfunction. Oxford, England: Isis Medical Media; 1999:59-72.

  31. Costabile RA. Optimizing treatment for diabetes mellitus induced erectile dysfunction. J Urol. Aug 2003;170(2 Pt 2):S35-8; discussion S39. [Medline].

  32. Cunningham AV, Smith KH. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy associated with viagra. J Neuroophthalmol. Mar 2001;21(1):22-5. [Medline].

  33. De Berardis G, Pellegrini F, Franciosi M, et al. Identifying patients with type 2 diabetes with a higher likelihood of erectile dysfunction: the role of the interaction between clinical and psychological factors. J Urol. Apr 2003;169(4):1422-8. [Medline].

  34. Derby CA, Araujo AB, Johannes CB, et al. Measurement of erectile dysfunction in population-based studies: the use of a single question self-assessment in the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Int J Impot Res. Aug 2000;12(4):197-204. [Medline].

  35. Derby CA, Mohr BA, Goldstein I, et al. Modifiable risk factors and erectile dysfunction: can lifestyle changes modify risk?. Urology. Aug 1 2000;56(2):302-6. [Medline].

  36. Ernst E, Pittler MH. Yohimbine for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Urol. Feb 1998;159(2):433-6. [Medline].

  37. Feldman HA, Goldstein I, Hatzichristou DG, et al. Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol. Jan 1994;151(1):54-61. [Medline].

  38. Giuliano FA, Rampin O, Benoit G, Jardin A. Neural control of penile erection. Urol Clin North Am. Nov 1995;22(4):747-66. [Medline].

  39. Goldstein I. Oral phentolamine: an alpha-1, alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. Mar 2000;12 Suppl 1:S75-80. [Medline].

  40. Goldstein I. The mutually reinforcing triad of depressive symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and erectile dysfunction. Am J Cardiol. Jul 20 2000;86(2A):41F-45F. [Medline].

  41. Goldstein I, Lue TF, Padma-Nathan H, et al. Oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Sildenafil Study Group. N Engl J Med. May 14 1998;338(20):1397-404. [Medline].

  42. Goldstein I, Payton TR, Schechter PJ. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, efficacy and safety study of topical gel formulation of 1% alprostadil (Topiglan) for the in-office treatment of erectile dysfunction. Urology. Feb 2001;57(2):301-5. [Medline].

  43. Goldstein I, Young JM, Fischer J, et al. Vardenafil, a new phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes: a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled fixed-dose study. Diabetes Care. Mar 2003;26(3):777-83. [Medline].

  44. Greiner KA, Weigel JW. Erectile dysfunction. Am Fam Physician. Oct 1996;54(5):1675-82. [Medline].

  45. Gresser U, Gleiter CH. Erectile dysfunction: comparison of efficacy and side effects of the PDE-5 inhibitors sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil--review of the literature. Eur J Med Res. Oct 29 2002;7(10):435-46. [Medline].

  46. Guay AT, Bansal S, Heatley GJ. Effect of raising endogenous testosterone levels in impotent men with secondary hypogonadism: double blind placebo-controlled trial with clomiphene citrate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Dec 1995;80(12):3546-52. [Medline].

  47. Hawton K. Integration of treatments for male erectile dysfunction. Lancet. Jan 3 1998;351(9095):7-8. [Medline].

  48. Heaton JP. Neural and pharmacological determinants of erection. Int J Impot Res. May 1998;10 Suppl 2:S34-9; discussion S49-51. [Medline].

  49. Heaton JP, Morales A, Adams MA, et al. Recovery of erectile function by the oral administration of apomorphine. Urology. Feb 1995;45(2):200-6. [Medline].

  50. Hedlund H, Hedlund P. Pharmacotherapy in erectile dysfunction agents for self-injection programs and alternative application models. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 1996;179:129-38. [Medline].

  51. Hellstrom WJ, Gittelman M, Karlin G, et al. Vardenafil for treatment of men with erectile dysfunction: efficacy and safety in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Androl. Nov-Dec 2002;23(6):763-71. [Medline].

  52. Holmes S. Tadalafil: a new treatment for erectile dysfunction. BJU Int. Apr 2003;91(6):466-8. [Medline].

  53. Incrocci L, Hop WC, Slob AK. Efficacy of sildenafil in an open-label study as a continuation of a double-blind study in the treatment of erectile dysfunction after radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Urology. Jul 2003;62(1):116-20. [Medline].

  54. Jain P, Rademaker AW, McVary KT. Testosterone supplementation for erectile dysfunction: results of a meta-analysis. J Urol. Aug 2000;164(2):371-5. [Medline].

  55. Kanno S, Wu YJ, Lee PC, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor preserves p21 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats. Circulation. Aug 21 2001;104(8):945-50. [Medline].

  56. Kawanishi Y, Lee KS, Kimura K, et al. Screening of ischemic heart disease with cavernous artery blood flow in erectile dysfunctional patients. Int J Impot Res. Apr 2001;13(2):100-3. [Medline].

  57. Kloner RA, Mullin SH, Shook T, et al. Erectile dysfunction in the cardiac patient: how common and should we treat?. J Urol. Aug 2003;170(2 Pt 2):S46-50; discussion S50. [Medline].

  58. Klotz T, Sachse R, Heidrich A, et al. Vardenafil increases penile rigidity and tumescence in erectile dysfunction patients: a RigiScan and pharmacokinetic study. World J Urol. Feb 2001;19(1):32-9. [Medline].

  59. Kuthe A. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors in male sexual dysfunction. Curr Opin Urol. Sep 2003;13(5):405-10. [Medline].

  60. Larson TR. Current treatment options for benign prostatic hyperplasia and their impact on sexual function. Urology. Apr 2003;61(4):692-8. [Medline].

  61. Latini DM, Penson DF, Lubeck DP, et al. Longitudinal differences in disease specific quality of life in men with erectile dysfunction: results from the Exploratory Comprehensive Evaluation of Erectile Dysfunction study. J Urol. Apr 2003;169(4):1437-42. [Medline].

  62. Laumann EO, Paik A, Rosen RC. Sexual dysfunction in the United States: prevalence and predictors. JAMA. Feb 10 1999;281(6):537-44. [Medline].

  63. Leslie S. Impotence: current diagnosis and treatment. Monograph. 1997;1-36.

  64. Lewis RW. Long-term results of penile prosthetic implants. Urol Clin North Am. Nov 1995;22(4):847-56. [Medline].

  65. Lewis RW, Witherington R. External vacuum therapy for erectile dysfunction: use and results. World J Urol. 1997;15(1):78-82. [Medline].

  66. Lin CS, Ho HC, Chen KC, et al. Intracavernosal injection of vascular endothelial growth factor induces nitric oxide synthase isoforms. BJU Int. Jun 2002;89(9):955-60. [Medline].

  67. Lin CS, Xin ZC, Lin G, Lue TF. Phosphodiesterases as therapeutic targets. Urology. Apr 2003;61(4):685-91. [Medline].

  68. Linet OI, Ogrinc FG. Efficacy and safety of intracavernosal alprostadil in men with erectile dysfunction. The Alprostadil Study Group. N Engl J Med. Apr 4 1996;334(14):873-7. [Medline].

  69. Liu X, Lin CS, Graziottin T, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes proliferation and migration of cavernous smooth muscle cells. J Urol. Jul 2001;166(1):354-60. [Medline].

  70. Lue TF. Erectile dysfunction. N Engl J Med. Jun 15 2000;342(24):1802-13. [Medline].

  71. Lue TF, Giuliano F, Montorsi F, Rosen RC, Andersson KE, Althof S. Summary of the recommendations on sexual dysfunctions in men. J Sex Med. Jul 2004;1(1):6-23. [Medline].

  72. Marceau L, Kleinman K, Goldstein I, McKinlay J. Does bicycling contribute to the risk of erectile dysfunction? Results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS). Int J Impot Res. Oct 2001;13(5):298-302. [Medline].

  73. McGwin G Jr, Vaphiades MS, Hall TA, Owsley C. Non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy and the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Br J Ophthalmol. Feb 2006;90(2):154-7. [Medline].

  74. McKenna KE. Central control of penile erection. Int J Impot Res. May 1998;10 Suppl 1:S25-34. [Medline].

  75. Meuleman EJ, Diemont WL. Investigation of erectile dysfunction. Diagnostic testing for vascular factors in erectile dysfunction. Urol Clin North Am. Nov 1995;22(4):803-19. [Medline].

  76. Michel T, Feron O. Nitric oxide synthases: which, where, how, and why?. J Clin Invest. Nov 1 1997;100(9):2146-52. [Medline].

  77. Montorsi F, Salonia A, Deho' F, Cestari A, Guazzoni G, Rigatti P. Pharmacological management of erectile dysfunction. BJU Int. Mar 2003;91(5):446-54. [Medline].

  78. Morales A, Gingell C, Collins M, et al. Clinical safety of oral sildenafil citrate (VIAGRA) in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. Jun 1998;10(2):69-73; discussion 73-4. [Medline].

  79. Morales A, Johnston B, Heaton JW, Clark A. Oral androgens in the treatment of hypogonadal impotent men. J Urol. Oct 1994;152(4):1115-8. [Medline].

  80. Mulhall JP, Ahmed A, Branch J, Parker M. Serial assessment of efficacy and satisfaction profiles following penile prosthesis surgery. J Urol. Apr 2003;169(4):1429-33. [Medline].

  81. Nehra A, Blute ML, Barrett DM, Moreland RB. Rationale for combination therapy of intraurethral prostaglandin E(1) and sildenafil in the salvage of erectile dysfunction patients desiring noninvasive therapy. Int J Impot Res. Feb 2002;14 Suppl 1:S38-42. [Medline].

  82. Niederberger C, Lonsdale J. Erectile dysfunction - patient characteristics and attitudes based on a large-scale male health study conducted in US, Europe, Mexico and Brazil. [abstract 594]. J Urol. 2002;167.

  83. NIH Consensus Conference. Impotence. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Impotence. JAMA. Jul 7 1993;270(1):83-90. [Medline].

  84. O'Leary MP, Fowler FJ, Lenderking WR, et al. A brief male sexual function inventory for urology. Urology. Nov 1995;46(5):697-706. [Medline].

  85. Padma-nathan H, Eardley I, Kloner RA, et al. A 4-year update on the safety of sildenafil citrate (Viagra). Urology. Sep 2002;60(2 Suppl 2):67-90. [Medline].

  86. Pomeranz HD, Bhavsar AR. Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy developing soon after use of sildenafil (viagra): a report of seven new cases. J Neuroophthalmol. Mar 2005;25(1):9-13. [Medline].

  87. Pomeranz HD, Smith KH, Hart WM Jr, Egan RA. Sildenafil-associated nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology. Mar 2002;109(3):584-7. [Medline].

  88. Porst H. IC351 (tadalafil, Cialis): update on clinical experience. Int J Impot Res. Feb 2002;14 Suppl 1:S57-64. [Medline].

  89. Porst H, Padma-Nathan H, Giuliano F, Anglin G, Varanese L, Rosen R. Efficacy of tadalafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction at 24 and 36 hours after dosing: a randomized controlled trial. Urology. Jul 2003;62(1):121-5; discussion 125-6. [Medline].

  90. Porst H, Steidle C, Hollister A. Vardenafil demonstrated similar efficacy and tolerability among older and younger patients with marginal differences in PK characteristics between age groups. Int J Impot Res. 2001;13:S63.

  91. [Guideline] Process of Care Consensus Panel. The process of care model for evaluation and treatment of erectile dysfunction. The Process of Care Consensus Panel. Int J Impot Res. Apr 1999;11(2):59-70; discussion 70-4. [Medline].

  92. Raina R, Lakin MM, Agarwal A, et al. Long-term effect of sildenafil citrate on erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy: 3-year follow-up. Urology. Jul 2003;62(1):110-5. [Medline].

  93. Rajpurkar A, Dhabuwala CB. Comparison of satisfaction rates and erectile function in patients treated with sildenafil, intracavernous prostaglandin E1 and penile implant surgery for erectile dysfunction in urology practice. J Urol. Jul 2003;170(1):159-63. [Medline].

  94. Rogers RS, Graziottin TM, Lin CS, Kan YW, Lue TF. Intracavernosal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection and adeno-associated virus-mediated VEGF gene therapy prevent and reverse venogenic erectile dysfunction in rats. Int J Impot Res. Feb 2003;15(1):26-37. [Medline].

  95. Romeo JH, Seftel AD, Madhun ZT, Aron DC. Sexual function in men with diabetes type 2: association with glycemic control. J Urol. Mar 2000;163(3):788-91. [Medline].

  96. Rosen RC, Cappelleri JC, Smith MD, et al. Development and evaluation of an abridged, 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) as a diagnostic tool for erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. Dec 1999;11(6):319-26. [Medline].

  97. Rosen RC, Leiblum SR. Treatment of sexual disorders in the 1990s: an integrated approach. J Consult Clin Psychol. Dec 1995;63(6):877-90. [Medline].

  98. Rosen RC, Riley A, Wagner G, et al. The international index of erectile function (IIEF): a multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction. Urology. Jun 1997;49(6):822-30. [Medline].

  99. Rotella DP. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors: current status and potential applications. Nat Rev Drug Discov. Sep 2002;1(9):674-82. [Medline].

  100. Saenz de Tejada I, Anglin G, Knight JR, Emmick JT. Effects of tadalafil on erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes. Diabetes Care. Dec 2002;25(12):2159-64. [Medline].

  101. Seftel AD, Strohl KP, Loye TL, et al. Erectile dysfunction and symptoms of sleep disorders. Sleep. Sep 15 2002;25(6):643-7. [Medline].

  102. Segraves RT, Bari M, Segraves K, Spirnak P. Effect of apomorphine on penile tumescence in men with psychogenic impotence. J Urol. Jun 1991;145(6):1174-5. [Medline].

  103. Shabsigh R, Kaufman JM, Steidle C. Testosterone replacement therapy with testosterone-gel 1% converts sildenafil nonresponders to responders in men with hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction who failed prior sildenafil therapy. [abstract 954]. J Urol. 2003;S169S.

  104. Shabsigh R, Padma-Nathan H, Gittleman M, et al. Intracavernous alprostadil alfadex (EDEX/VIRIDAL) is effective and safe in patients with erectile dysfunction after failing sildenafil (Viagra). Urology. Apr 2000;55(4):477-80. [Medline].

  105. Shochina M, Fellig Y, Sughayer M, et al. Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in human bladder carcinoma. Mol Pathol. Aug 2001;54(4):248-52. [Medline].

  106. Siroky MB, Azadzoi KM. Vasculogenic erectile dysfunction: newer therapeutic strategies. J Urol. Aug 2003;170(2 Pt 2):S24-9; discussion S29-30. [Medline].

  107. Sommer F. [Continuous once a day treatment with sildenafil: daily sex prevents the "aging penis"]. MMW Fortschr Med. May 8 2003;145(19):59. [Medline].

  108. Steers WD. Viability and safety of combination drug therapies for erectile dysfunction. J Urol. Aug 2003;170(2 Pt 2):S20-3; discussion S23. [Medline].

  109. Thadani U, Smith W, Nash S, et al. The effect of vardenafil, a potent and highly selective phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, on the cardiovascular response to exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. Dec 4 2002;40(11):2006-12. [Medline].

  110. The European Alprostadil Study Group. The long-term safety of alprostadil (prostaglandin-E1) in patients with erectile dysfunction. Br J Urol. Oct 1998;82(4):538-43. [Medline].

  111. Valicenti RK, Bissonette EA, Chen C, Theodorescu D. Longitudinal comparison of sexual function after 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy or prostate brachytherapy. J Urol. Dec 2002;168(6):2499-504; discussion 2504. [Medline].

  112. Vardi Y, Klein L, Nassar S, et al. Effects of sildenafil citrate (viagra) on blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive men. Urology. May 2002;59(5):747-52. [Medline].

  113. Wessells H, Roy J, Bannow J, et al. Incidence and severity of sexual adverse experiences in finasteride and placebo-treated men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. Mar 2003;61(3):579-84. [Medline].

  114. Williams G, Abbou CC, Amar ET, et al. Efficacy and safety of transurethral alprostadil therapy in men with erectile dysfunction. MUSE Study Group. Br J Urol. Jun 1998;81(6):889-94. [Medline].

  115. Yucel S, Baskin LS. Identification of communicating branches among the dorsal, perineal and cavernous nerves of the penis. J Urol. Jul 2003;170(1):153-8. [Medline].

Further Reading

For more information, visit Medscape's Erectile Dysfunction Resource Center.

Keywords

erectile dysfunction, impotence, sexual dysfunction, male sexual dysfunction, ED, premature ejaculation, ejaculatory dysfunction, hypoactive sexual desire, erection, ejaculation, penis disorder, sexual disorder, penile curvature, Peyronie disease, Peyronie's disease, organic impotence, psychogenic impotence, sildenafil, Viagra, vardenafil, Levitra, tadalafil, Cialis, tadenafil, psychosocial sexual disorder, sexual health, flaccidity, flaccid penis, erectile difficulty, diminished libido

diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, neurologic disorders, depression, pelvic surgery, prostate surgery, benign prostatic hyperplasia, sleep apnea, low levels of high-density lipoproteins, insomnia, lethargy

posttraumatic stress syndrome, posttraumatic stress disorder, cigarette smoking, atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, myocardial infarction, radiation therapy to the pelvis, radiation therapy to the prostate, radical prostatectomy, scleroderma, dyslipidemia, idiopathichemachromatosis, liver cirrhosis, renal failure, epilepsy, Alzheimer disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis

stroke, chronic obstructivepulmonary disease, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, epispadias, priapism, widower syndrome, performance anxiety, malnutrition, zinc deficiency, sickle cell anemia, leukemias, aortoiliac bypass, aortofemoral bypass, proctocolectomy, transurethral resection of the prostate, cryosurgery of the prostate, cystectomy, antiulcer agents, cholesterol-lowering agents, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, antihypertensives, antipsychotics, antidepressants

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Stanley A Brosman, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Urology, University of California at Los Angeles Medical School
Stanley A Brosman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for Cancer Research, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Urological Association, Association of Clinical Research Professionals, International Society of Urological Pathology, Société Internationale d'Urologie (International Society of Urology), Society for Basic Urologic Research, Society of Surgical Oncology, Society of Urologic Oncology, and Western Section American Urological Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Martha K Terris, MD, FACS, Professor, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia
Martha K Terris, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Cancer Society, American College of Surgeons, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, American Urological Association, New York Academy of Sciences, and Society of University Urologists
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Mark Jeffrey Noble, MD, Consulting Staff, Urologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Mark Jeffrey Noble, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Urological Association, Kansas Medical Society, Sigma Xi, Society of University Urologists, and Southwest Oncology Group
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

J Stuart Wolf Jr, MD, FACS, David A Bloom Professor of Urology, Director of Division of Minimally Invasive Urology, Department of Urology, University of Michigan
J Stuart Wolf Jr, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, Catholic Medical Association, Endourological Society, Society for Urology and Engineering, Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, Society of University Urologists, and Society of Urologic Oncology
Disclosure: Terumo Corporation Consulting fee Consulting; Gyrus-ACMI Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Chief Editor

Edward David Kim, MD, FACS, Professor of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, University of Tennessee Medical Center
Edward David Kim, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, American Society of Andrology, American Urological Association, and Tennessee Medical Association
Disclosure: Lilly Consulting fee Consulting; Astellas Consulting fee Speaking and teaching; Indevus Consulting fee Speaking and teaching

 
 
HONcode

We subscribe to the
HONcode principles of the
Health On the Net Foundation

All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright© 1994- by Medscape.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.